Enhancing Diabetes Management Approaches for Black and Hispanic Patients With Uncontrolled Diabetes

A Multiphase Optimization Strategy to Enhance Diabetes Management Interventions for Black and Hispanic Patients With Uncontrolled Diabetes

The purpose of the study is to learn about the best way to enhance pharmacy-related care for diabetes self-management. This research is being done because we want to improve use of medicines and diabetes management among Black and Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes and find out which of type of support may improve diabetes self-management for Black and Hispanic adults. Participants will be assigned to one of 4 groups, and will either: receive care as usual; or, receive added medicine management support from a pharmacist; or, receive support from a Community Health Worker (CHW) to address life challenges; or, receive both the pharmacist medicine management and the CHW support

For the Pharmacist plus Support intervention, all participants will receive usual care for their diabetes management. Participants will be randomized to one of four treatment conditions: 1. Usual Care, 2. Medication Therapy Management (MTM) Optimizing Medication Therapy (ON), 3. Community Health Worker (CHW) addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) and diabetes and medicine misperceptions (ON), or 4. both MTM Optimizing Medication Therapy and CHW Addressing SDOH and diabetes and medicine misperceptions for 6 months. Subjects randomized to the treatment conditions including MTM will receive a minimum of five pharmacist-delivered Medication Therapy Management (MTM) sessions with a pharmacist, two in the first month, one medication review each in the second and third month, and a final medication review at 6 months. Subjects randomized to the treatment conditions including CHW support addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) which will involve meeting with the CHW for a formal, standardized 2-hour assessment of five common SDOH barriers related to diabetes management, (1) food insecurity, (2) transportation, (3) prescription medication assistance, (4) access to diabetes education, and (5) physical activity resources (See Table 6). After the initial session at the participant's home, the participant will have the option of continuing to work with the CHW to address barriers for the intervention duration. CHW support will also address diabetes and medicine misperceptions by completing a series of phone calls with the subject to provide information about managing diabetes and medicines, discuss cultural health misperceptions, share medication adherence experiences, and provide social support over the phone.

Participants will receive added medicine management support from a pharmacist. This will involve one 60-minute session with the pharmacist either in-person or over the phone and at least four 30-minute follow-up sessions with the pharmacist over the phone.

Participants will receive support from a Community Health Worker (CHW) to address life challenges that might be affecting their health and diabetes and to discuss diabetes beliefs and concerns. This will involve one ~30-minute phone call with the CHW to discuss needs and a 2-hour session with the CHW in-person for a comprehensive assessment. Participants will also receive ~10, 15 to 30-minute calls from the CHW to discuss diabetes beliefs and concerns.

Pharmacy medication refill measured by Proportion of Days Covered and Medication Possession Ratio in subjects receiving MTM, CHW support, or both, compared to those receiving usual care.

Mean scores on the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale for Diabetes in subjects receiving MTM, CHW support, or both, compared to those receiving usual care.

Inclusion Criteria: Men and women ages 18-90 with diagnosed type 2 diabetes who self-identify as Black or Hispanic and can speak or read English or Spanish. Taking at least one oral or injectable diabetes medication and have their diabetes medicine prescriptions filled by study pharmacy. Most recent HbA1c ≥ 8% based on point of care test. Will reside in the geographical area throughout the study period. Have access to a phone during the study period. Willing to attend all orientation/training sessions. Exclusion Criteria: Having a caregiver who is the main decision maker in self-management. Participating in another lifestyle, or medication adherence program. Participated in standard MTM/MTM-related intervention in the last 6 months.