Effects of CBT-Based Intervention Among Patients With Liver Cancer

Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Intervention on Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Immune Indicators, and Survival Among Patients With Liver Cancer

This study investigates the effects of a CBT- based intervention on depression, anxiety, immune function, quality of life, and overall survival. It also explores if the effects of the intervention on immune function and quality of life are mediated through the improvements in depression and anxiety among patients with liver cancer.

In the present research project, the investigators have developed a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)-based intervention protocol to investigate the impact of this intervention on depression, anxiety, quality of life, immune function, and overall survival in patients diagnosed with liver cancer. Additionally, this research protocol aims to examine the hypothesized mechanisms underlying the effects of the CBT-based intervention on quality of life and immune function. Specifically, we will investigate: 1) whether the effect of the CBT-based intervention on quality of life is mediated by improvements in anxiety and depression, and 2) whether the effect of the CBT-based intervention on immune function is mediated by improvements in anxiety and depression among patients with liver cancer. A total of 160 participants will be recruited and randomly assigned to either the CBT-based intervention group or an educational group receiving non-psychological interventions. Assessments will be conducted at baseline (pre-treatment) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the intervention period. Survival data will be collected throughout the follow-up period until the patients' end-of-life. By examining the effects of the CBT-based intervention on multiple outcomes and exploring the potential mediating mechanisms, this research project aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the intervention's effectiveness and its impact on the well-being of liver cancer patients.

We will ensure that the assessors are unaware of the treatment assignments or intervention details for each participant. We will use anonymized coded data that does not reveal the group allocation during the outcome assessment. The data will be presented in a standardized format that prevents any identification of treatment groups.

A specifically designed CBT-based intervention consisting of 8 weekly sessions will be conducted in a group format.

Participants will receive eight health education sessions simultaneously with the CBT-based intervention group.

A specifically designed CBT-based intervention consisting of 8 weekly sessions with group format. Each group will be comprised of 4-10 participants, and each session will last 1.5 hours. The content of the weekly sessions will be based on Beck's cognitive theory and the cognitive therapy in groups guidelines. The framework of every session will follow a pre-determined structure.

The educational sessions are consisting of 8 weekly sessions with a group format. These sessions will focus on cancer-related information and care knowledge which will be delivered in daily routine care.

Participants' depression score with the depression subscale of the Hospital depression and Depression Scale (HADS). The HADS depression subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe depression symptoms.

Change in participants' depression score with the HADS depression subscale from baseline to 3 months. The HADS depression subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe depression symptoms.

Change in participants' depression score with the HADS depression subscale from baseline to 6 months. The HADS depression subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe depression symptoms.

Change in participants' depression score with the HADS depression subscale from baseline to 12 months. The HADS depression subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe depression symptoms.

Participants' anxiety score with the Anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The HADS anxiety subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety symptoms.

Change in participants' anxiety score with the HADS anxiety subscale from baseline to 3 months. The HADS anxiety subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety symptoms.

Change in participants' anxiety score with the HADS anxiety subscale from baseline to 6 months. The HADS anxiety subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety symptoms.

Change in participants' anxiety score with the HADS anxiety subscale from baseline to 12 months. The HADS anxiety subscale score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety symptoms.

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire results. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a higher ("better") level of functioning, or a higher ("worse") level of symptoms.

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire results. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a higher ("better") level of functioning, or a higher ("worse") level of symptoms.

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire results. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a higher ("better") level of functioning, or a higher ("worse") level of symptoms.

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire results. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a higher ("better") level of functioning, or a higher ("worse") level of symptoms.

The Hepatocellular Carcinoma Module of The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a high level of symptomatology or problems.

The Hepatocellular Carcinoma Module of The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a high level of symptomatology or problems.

The Hepatocellular Carcinoma Module of The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a high level of symptomatology or problems.

The Hepatocellular Carcinoma Module of The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire. Scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score represents a high level of symptomatology or problems.

Inclusion Criteria: Adults (aged ≥18); Diagnosed with liver cancer based on pathological findings or imaging findings in the medical record; The severity level of depression and anxiety: Depression > 7 using HAD-D, or Anxiety > 7 using HAD-A (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS; HAD-D, Hospital Depression Scale; HAD-A, Hospital Anxiety Scale). Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are taking part in another psychological intervention clinical trial or consented to receive another psychotherapy, suffered from aphasia and other communication difficulties will be excluded from the study Patients with active immunological diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Patients accepting hormone therapy or taking long-term antibiotic drugs. Patients who lack the basic ability of understanding and expression and are incompetent in giving consent.