REcovery From DEXmedetomidine-induced Unconsciousness (REDEX)

Inclusion Criteria: Between the ages of 18 to 45 Normal body weight and habitus, body mass index (BMI) 18 to 30 kg/m2 Non-smoker No history of taking stimulants or substance abuse For women: use of hormonal contraception American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification 1 (ASA 1) Fluent in English (sufficient to communicate with the study team and understand the consent form) Exclusion Criteria: Neurologic: epilepsy or positive history of a seizure, stroke, central disorders of hypersomnolence, neuroimmunological disorder (e.g. multiple sclerosis), Meniere's disease, Parkinson's disease, peripheral neuropathy, no significant visual or hearing impairments, findings in the clinical examination suggesting a neurologic disorder Psychiatric: history or treatment for an active psychiatric problem (including Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorder) Cardiovascular: hypertension, symptomatic hypotension or bradycardia, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, familial history of sudden cardiac death Respiratory: bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, shortness of breath, sleep apnea Gastrointestinal: esophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, ulcer Hepatic: hepatitis, jaundice, ascites Renal: acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency Reproductive: pregnancy, breast-feeding Endocrine: diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal gland disease Hematologic: blood dyscrasias, anemia, coagulopathies Musculoskeletal: prior surgery or trauma to head neck or face, arthritis, personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia Medications: regular use of prescription and non-prescription medications expected to affect central nervous function, anticoagulant or thrombocyte-aggregation inhibiting therapy; exception: oral hormonal contraception Allergies: dexmedetomidine, phenylephrine, betablockers (including labetalol and esmolol), hydralazine, glycopyrrolate Potential participants will not be enrolled in our study if they fail to pass a drug test that screens for the following: Cocaine (COC), d-Amphetamine (AMP), d-Methamphetamine (Mamp), Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Methadone (MTD), Opiates (OPI), Phencyclidine (PCP), Barbiturates (BAR), Benzodiazepines (BZO), Oxycodone (OXY)