Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Evaluation of the Intrahepatic HBV Reservoir and Its Immunological Characteristics in Chronically HBV-infected Patients (RES-HBV)

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Evaluation of the Intrahepatic HBV Reservoir and Its Immunological Characteristics in Chronically HBV-infected Patients

Evaluation of the Intrahepatic Hepatitis B Virus Reservoir and Its Immunological Characteristics in Chronically HBV-infected Patients - Pilot Study

Two hundred and ninety-six million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), with around 750,000 deaths each year linked to the development of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatments based on nucleoside analogues (NA) achieve virological cure in only 5% of cases at 10 years. The virological persistence of HBV is explained by the persistence of cccDNA (covalently-closed circular DNA) in the nucleus of hepatocytes. Complex and poorly understood interactions between immunological and virological responses explain the persistence of ccccDNA. A better understanding of the immunological and virological interactions of the intrahepatic compartment during chronic HBV infection is needed to better understand the mechanisms of viral persistence and for research and development of new drugs to achieve the goal of a functional cure for HBV (defined as the prolonged loss of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after cessation of treatment, associated with a decrease in intrahepatic cccDNA or its transcriptional inactivation). The intra-hepatic compartment can be explored by liver biopsy. A fine needle aspiration (FNA) technique is used to characterize primary hepatic tumors, with fewer complications than liver biopsy. One study has validated its use for immunological exploration of the intra-hepatic compartment. Finally, a recently published study confirms a correlation between FNA and liver biopsy virological markers in patients with chronic HBV infection. However, no combined immuno-virological study has been carried out to explore this intra-hepatic compartment by FNA in patients with chronic HBV infection. The investigators will assess the intrahepatic compartment of patients chronically infected with HBV (+/- hepatitis Delta (HDV)) to understand the mechanisms of viral persistence and characterize host immune responses to HBV. These investigations will make it possible to determine the immuno-virological profiles of patients who would benefit from intensification of antiviral treatment or, potentially, discontinuation of antiviral therapy.

Five groups according to HBsAg quantification (3 distinct groups with or without nucleoside analogues), HDV co-infection and HBsAg loss.

Patients chronically mono-infected with HBV, whose HBsAg is less than 100 IU/ml (patients treated or not with NA)

Patients chronically mono-infected with HBV, with HBsAg levels >100 and <3000 IU/ml (patients treated or not with NA).

Patients chronically mono-infected with HBV, with HBsAg levels ≥ 3000 IU/ml (patients treated or not with NA).

Patients with loss of HBsAg (spontaneously or under NA). This group will allow comparison of the HBsAg loss immuno-virological profile with that of patients with active infection and varying levels of HBsAg (groups 1-3 and 5) and aid in identifying of predictors of functional cure. The identification of determinants of HBV functional cure is fundamental and is comparable to investigations that have been carried out in HIV-infected "elite controllers".

Patients co-infected with HDV (positive HDV viral load), regardless of HBsAg level (presence or absence of HBV or HDV treatment)

The FNA will be performed at the Croix Rousse digestive pathology day hospital of the Hospices Civils de Lyon by a doctor from the hepatology department who has been trained to perform FNA. After echography, a subcutaneous anesthesia with LIDOCAÏNE is administered. Two FNA passages will be performed for virological and immunological analyses. The patient will be monitored in the supine position for 1 hour after the procedure. A single FNA will be performed during the study.

42ml blood sample for study of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and new circulating hepatitis B markers. These samples will enable us to gain a better understanding of peripheral immune responses and to correlate intrahepatic virological data with new serum markers of HBV.

An FNA feasibility and acceptability questionnaire carried out at inclusion (V1) and at V2 after the FNA has been performed.

The main objective is to analyze the interaction between intrahepatic adaptive immune responses (Number and functional profile of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ B lymphocytes) and intrahepatic HBV viral load obtained from FNA. Immune and virological responses obtained from the FNA performed at V2 (15-30 days after inclusion).

Correlate intrahepatic markers of HBV (copies of intra-hepatic HBV, cccDNA, cccDNA transcriptional activity, HBV RNA) and new serum markers of HBV cure (circulating viral RNA, HBcrAg) and their evolution over time Intrahepatic HBV markers obtained from the FNA performed at V2 (15-30 days after inclusion). New serum markers are taken at each visit for 24 months

Analyze immune (copies of intra-hepatic HBV, cccDNA and cccDNA transcriptional activity) and virological responses (Number and functional profile of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ B lymphocytes) as a function of the phases of chronic HBV infection and co-infection with HDV. Immune and virological responses obtained from the FNA performed at the V2 visit (15-30 days after inclusion).

Analyze immune (copies of intra-hepatic HBV, cccDNA and cccDNA transcriptional activity) and virological responses (Number and functional profile of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ B lymphocytes) according to the presence or absence of NA treatment. Immune and virological responses obtained from the FNA performed at the V2 visit (15-30 days after inclusion).

A questionnaire on the acceptability and tolerance of FNA will be given to each patient at the inclusion visit and after FNA has been performed (15-30 days after inclusion). An FNA feasibility and acceptability questionnaire carried out at inclusion (V1) and at V2 after FNA had been performed.

Inclusion Criteria: Adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) Patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus at any stage of infection Nucleoside Analogues-treated or untreated Co-infected or not with HDV Included in the prospective CirB-RNA study (part of the CirB-RNA university research program) (ID-RCB : 2018-A02558-47, NCT03825458) Patient informed of the study and having signed a consent form Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant, parturient or breast-feeding women, Patients with decompensated cirrhosis Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (suspected or proven), Liver transplant patients (even if liver transplantation for HBV), Patients co-infected with HCV (positive serum viral load) and/or HIV (regardless of serum viral load). Patients participating at the time of inclusion in an interventional study Persons under psychiatric care, Persons admitted to a health or social institution for purposes other than research Adults under legal protection (legal guardianship, tutorship, curatorship) Persons not affiliated to a social security scheme or beneficiaries of a similar scheme. Patients with abdominal skin lesions and/or infections. Contraindication to lidocaine administration (allergy or hypersensitivity to the product).