The Effect of Loading Speed and Intensity During Exercise on the Immediate Structural Changes in the Achilles Tendon

The Effect of Loading Speed and Intensity During Exercise on the Immediate Structural Changes in the Achilles Tendon

The Effect of Loading Speed and Intensity During Exercise on the Immediate Changes in Achilles Tendon Thickness and Stiffness: a Randomised Crossover Trial

Aim: To assess the influence of loading speed and intensity during eccentric heel drop exercise on the immediate changes in Achilles tendon thickness and stiffness in healthy controls. Intervention: Three eccentric heel drop exercise protocols, different in loading speed and/or loading intensity will be compared. Each participant will perform a single protocol per session in a random sequence at 1-week intervals. Participants: a total of 30 healthy athletes will be included. Outcome measure: tendon thickness and stiffness will be measured at baseline and immediately following intervention with ultrasound imaging (B-mode) and shear wave elastography, respectively. Discussion: the study will determine whether an eccentric exercise intervention involving a low loading speed and high intensity could maximize the immediate reduction in thickness and associated increase in stiffness of the Achilles tendon compared with interventions involving a higher loading speed and lower intensity.

Mechanical loading of the Achilles tendon during isolated eccentric contractions induces immediate changes in its structural properties. However, it is not known whether the loading speed and intensity has any impact on these changes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of loading speed and intensity during eccentric heel drop exercises on the immediate changes in Achilles tendon thickness and stiffness in healthy controls. Each participant will perform eccentric heel-drops on their dominant leg with and a fully extended knee, and with additional 20% body weight (added via a weighted backpack). Participants will stand with the forefoot of the tested limb on the edge of a step, with the ankle maximally plantar flexed and with body weight centred on this limb. Eccentric loading occurs when the participant lowers the heel to a predetermined angle and speed (depending on the type of intensity and speed cfr infra). In order to return to baseline, the body mass will therefore be shifted to the non-dominant leg to raise the body. Visual feedback (monitor) will be in front of the subjects and the exercise parameters (velocity and ankle angle) will be guided by software guidelines (Ultium Motion). Three protocols will be compared that differ in execution speed (namely a fast protocol; 1 Hz: 1 second per repetition versus a slow protocol; 0.33 Hz: 3 seconds per repetition) and loading intensity (namely heavy; exercise into maximal dorsiflexion versus light; exercise into neutral ankle position). Protocol 1 (=Heavy x Slow): subjects perform eccentric heel drops from a maximal plantarflexion position to a maximal dorsiflexion position at a speed of 0.33 Hz, i.e. 3 seconds per movement cycle. Protocol 2 (=Heavy x Fast): subjects perform eccentric heel drops from a maximal plantarflexion position to a maximal dorsiflexion position at a speed of 3 Hz, i.e. 1 seconds per movement cycle. Protocl 3 (=Light x Slow): subjects perform eccentric heel drops from a maximal plantarflexion position to a neutral ankle position at a speed of 0.33 Hz, i.e. 3 seconds per movement cycle. Participants will perform one exercise protocol per session, in a random order, and the interval between each session is one week. Six sets will be performed per session, with one minute of rest between each set. In order to ensure that the Achilles tendon's time under tension is the same for each protocol (180 seconds), 30 repetitions will performed per set for the fast protocol and 10 repetitions for the slow protocol. The approximate duration of each intervention will be 15 minutes. Before and immediately after each protocol, the structural properties of the Achilles tendon, 25 mm proximal to the calcenal posterosuperior border, will be assessed. These properties include tendon thickness (anteroposterior diameter (mm) and cross-sectional arae (mm2)), tendon echogenicity (average grey value from 0 (black) to 255 (white) A.U.) and tendon stiffness by shear wave elastography (kPa).

The outcome assessor was blinded to the specific intervention (protocol type); due to the nature of the interventions, participants were aware of the exercise intervention they were performing each week. However, participants will not be informed of the hypothesis of the study nor will this be disclosed at any time in written materials or verbal interactions.

6 sets of 10 single leg isolated eccentric heel drops into maximal dorsiflexion at an exercise speed of 0.33 Hz, with 1-min rest period between each set.

6 sets of 10 single leg isolated eccentric heel drops into neutral ankle position at an exercise speed of 0.33 Hz, with 1-min rest period between each set.

6 sets of 30 single leg isolated eccentric heel drops into maximal dorsiflexion at an exercise speed of 1 Hz, with 1-min rest period between each set.

Tendon anteroposterior diameter will be assessed 25 mm proximal to the posterosuperior calcaneal border using ultrasound imaging. The Achilles tendon is scanned at rest with the subject in the prone position and the foot passively maintained in a neutral position.

Tendon cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon will be assessed 25 mm proximal to the posterosuperior calcaneal border using ultrasound imaging. The Achilles tendon is scanned at rest with the subject in the prone position and the foot passively maintained in a neutral position.

Echogenicity of the Achilles tendon will be assessed 25 mm proximal to the posterosuperior calcaneal border using ultrasound imaging and ImageJ. The Achilles tendon is scanned at rest with the subject in the prone position and the foot passively maintained in a neutral position.

Echogenicity of the Achilles tendon will be assessed 25 mm proximal to the posterosuperior calcaneal border using shear wave elastography. The Achilles tendon is scanned at rest with the subject in the prone position and the foot passively maintained in a 30° plantar flexion.

Inclusion Criteria: Age 18 to 55 years Participate in recreational or competitive sport (at least 1x/week) Exclusion Criteria: History of Achilles tendinopathy Presence of rheumatological disease Not able to complete an exercise programme