Action Observation Training in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain (LBP-AOT)

Patients will be recruited and then randomly assigned by an external collaborator to the experimental group or to the control group. To the patients that belong to the experimental group will be asked to watch a video showing a person carrying out some exercises (12 exercises: 3 of stretching, 3 of core stability, 3 of mobilization and 3 of functional) and then they will have to practice them.On the other hand, to the patients that belong to the control group will be given a brochure with the same exercises the patients of the experimental group received through the video. Both groups will have to watch the video or read the brochure and repeat the exercises 5 times per week for 3 weeks. Patients will be evaluated before the treatment (T0), three weeks after the beginning (T1) and 4 months upon the end of it (T2). The evaluation will consist in the administration of the Oswestry Disability Index, of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, of the Numerical Rating Scale and of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36. A physiotherapist will instruct the patients about the exercises while a second one blinded about the belonging group of patients, will administer the evaluation scales.

They have to watch a video showing a person carrying out exercises (12 exercises: 3 of stretching, 3 of core stability, 3 of mobilization and 3 of functional). then they have to practice them. The observation of the exercises and their performance last 8 minutes (4 minutes for observation and 4 minutes for practice). They have to repeat the exercises 5 times per week for 3 weeks.

Execution of exercises: 3 of stretching, 3 of core stability, 3 of mobilization and 3 of functional activity. Patients of the control group recieve a brochure with the same exercises the patients of the experimental group received through the video. They will be asked to read the exercise 3 times and to practice it for 4 minutes. They have to repeat the exercises 5 times per week for 3 weeks.

Patients will be evaluated before the treatment (T0), three weeks after the beginning (T1) and 4 months upon the end of it (T2)

Patients will be evaluated before the treatment (T0), three weeks after the beginning (T1) and 4 months upon the end of it (T2)

Short form 36.36 Items divided in 8 sub-scales. Each of the 8 summed scores is linearly transformed onto a scale from 0 (negative health) to 100 (positive health) to provide a score for each subscale. Each subscale is used indipendently.

Patients will be evaluated before the treatment (T0), three weeks after the beginning (T1) and 4 months upon the end of it (T2)

TAMPA Scale of kinesiophobia, Range: 13 (minimum level of kinesiophobia)- 52 (maximum level of kinesiophobia).

Patients will be evaluated before the treatment (T0), three weeks after the beginning (T1) and 4 months upon the end of it (T2)

Inclusion Criteria: Patients with chronic aspecific LBP (documented story of more than 12 week-long symptomatology) Good understanding of Italian language Aged over 65 Exclusion Criteria: Severe sight or hearing impairement Cognitive deficit (assessed by a Mini Mental State Examination score ≤21 [14]). Specific LBP (previous spine surgery, deformation, infection, fracture, malignant tumor, general disorders or neuromuscular pathologies) Patients who previously experimented AOT