Amantadine for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury Irritability and Aggression: A Multi-site Study

Amantadine for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury Irritability and Aggression: A Multi-site Study

A Multi-Center, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Amantadine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury Irritability and Aggression: A Replication Study

Indiana University, University of Washington, The Institute for Rehabilitaion and Research Foundation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Ohio State University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

The purpose of this study is to study the effect of amantadine on irritability and aggression caused by traumatic brain injury.

PURPOSE OF PROJECT: To study the effect of amantadine 100 mg administered twice daily compared to placebo on irritability from baseline to treatment Day 28. SUMMARY OF PROJECT: It is anticipated that 168 subjects with 168 corresponding subject informants will be recruited for the study. Carolinas Rehabilitation, the lead center, and 5 collaborating centers will enroll approximately 28 subjects each. Subjects will be recruited primarily from the clinics. Also, letters will be sent to patients in our data base. If the first encounter with research personnel is by telephone, the research assistant will obtain verbal (telephone) consent from the subject's informant for the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) for subject irritability. The score on this questionnaire must be ≥ 6 for qualification. This allows pre-screening to take place and avoid an unnecessary clinic visit. Subjects who consent and qualify will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio, amantadine to placebo. Stratification to randomization group will occur based on the presence of depression defined by a Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score ≥ 13. Randomized subjects will receive amantadine or placebo 100 mg twice daily every morning and 12 Noon. There will be 4 clinic visits. Visits will occur at baseline, for consenting and screening, day 28, day 60 and day 90. At all 4 clinic visits, both the subject and the informant will be given questionnaires regarding the subject's behavior and mood. Follow up phone calls will occur each week that the subject is not seen in the clinic until the end of the study. Follow up phone calls will assess for study medication compliance, adverse events and concomitant medication changes. Day 60 ends the period of the Randomized Clinical Trial phase of the study and the subjects will begin the 1 month continuation phase of the study when all participants receive active amantadine. The following questionnaires will be used as measures of irritability for the subject and the informant: Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2), and Global Impression of Change. The following questionnaires will be dispensed to the subject only: Short Form -12, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Brief Symptom Inventory, Family Assessment Device, Fatigue Impact Scale, and tests of cognitive function. The Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended will be completed by the research assistant using information obtained primarily from the informant. The Investigator will complete the Clinical Global Impression of change at Visits 1, 2, 3, and 4. History and Physical Exam, creatinine level (kidney function) will be obtained for safety and tolerability. Serum pregnancy tests will be drawn at screening for females of childbearing potential.

Proportion of Participants With >2-point Increase on Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Irritability Domain Rated by Observer Day 28

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

Proportion of Participants With >2-point Increase on Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Irritability Domain Rated by Participant Day 28

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

Study physician's impression of change since study onset. Clinicians Global Impressions of Change (CGI) is a sensitive, standardized tool to assess psychopharmacologic treatment response completed by the study physician. The Global Improvement (GI) CGI subscale documented the clinician's impression of change. The GI uses a 7-point scale to assess beneficial and negative effects. Low GI values (1 -3) indicate improvement; higher values (4-7) represent worsening.

Proportion of Participants With >2-point Increase on Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability Domain Rated by Observers Day 60

As described above for the primary measure, assessed as a secondary measure at Day 60. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

Proportion of Participants With >2-point Increase on Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Irritability Domain Rated by Participant Day 60

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 40-item rating scale developed to assess 12 behavioral domains. Only the NPI-Irritability (NPI-I) domain was used for this study. NPI-I measures irritability with items including: bad temper, rapid mood changes, sudden anger, impatience, crankiness, argumentative. The rater selects the frequency (1-3) and severity (1-4) of the most problematic of these behavioral aspect(s) over the preceding month. The NPI score is the product of the frequency and severity for the NPI most problematic item score. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with greater than two-point increase on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Irritability domain. The total range is 1 (least irritability) - 12 (worst irritability).

Study physician's impression of change since study onset. Clinicians Global Impressions of Change (CGI) is a sensitive, standardized tool to assess psychopharmacologic treatment response completed by the study physician. The Global Improvement (GI) CGI subscale documented the clinician's impression of change. The GI uses a 7-point scale to assess beneficial and negative effects. Low GI values (1 -3) indicate improvement; higher values (4-7) represent worsening.

Inclusion Criteria: Closed head injury (defined as impaired brain function resulting from externally inflicted trauma without penetrating injury) at least 6 months prior to enrollment Irritability that is either new or worse than the level of irritability before the traumatic brain injury, by report of the Observer or person with TBI Age at time of enrollment: 16 to 75 years Voluntary informed consent and authorization of participant and informant Subject and informant willing to comply with the protocol Informant-rated NPI Irritability Domain score 6 or greater (moderate-to-severe irritability) Medically and neurologically stable during the month prior to enrollment If taking antidepressant, anxiolytic, hypnotic, or stimulant medications, no change anticipated in these medications during the month prior to enrollment or during the 90-day participation No change in therapies or medications planned during the 90-day participation No surgeries planned during the 90-day participation Vision, hearing, speech, motor function, and comprehension sufficient to complete interviews Observer (e.g.: family member, close friend, employer) with whom subject interacts sufficiently to observe occurrences of irritability. The observer interacts with the participant for a period long enough and of a nature to be able to judge the participant's irritability. The interactions would need to be adequate to judge observer distress over the irritability, severity of irritability and frequency of irritability on the following scale: < once weekly; once per week; several times per week, but not every day; essentially continuous. Exclusion Criteria: Previous participation in the Carolinas TBI Model System amantadine irritability study Ingestion of amantadine hydrochloride during the month prior to enrollment Potential subject without a reliable informant Penetrating head injury as defined by head injury due to gunshot, projectile or foreign object Injury < 6 months prior to enrollment Inability to interact sufficiently for communication with caregiver Clinical signs of active infection Diagnosis of seizure in the month prior to enrollment Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min Pregnancy (Beta-HCG + females of child-bearing potential) and lactating females Concurrent use of first generation neuroleptic agents or phenelzine History of schizophrenia or psychosis Active concern of schizophrenia or psychosis Diagnosis of progressive or additional neurologic disease that affects brain function, except stroke that occurs at th same time as the TBI Previous allergy or adverse reaction to amantadine hydrochloride

Hammond FM, Sherer M, Malec JF, Zafonte RD, Dikmen S, Bogner J, Bell KR, Barber J, Temkin N. Amantadine Did Not Positively Impact Cognition in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multi-Site, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Neurotrauma. 2018 Oct 1;35(19):2298-2305. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.5767. Epub 2018 Jun 7.

Hammond FM, Malec JF, Zafonte RD, Sherer M, Bogner J, Dikmen S, Whitney MP, Bell KR, Perkins SM, Moser EA. Potential Impact of Amantadine on Aggression in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017 Sep/Oct;32(5):308-318. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000342.

Hammond FM, Sherer M, Malec JF, Zafonte RD, Whitney M, Bell K, Dikmen S, Bogner J, Mysiw J, Pershad R; Amantadine Irritability Multisite Study Group. Amantadine Effect on Perceptions of Irritability after Traumatic Brain Injury: Results of the Amantadine Irritability Multisite Study. J Neurotrauma. 2015 Aug 15;32(16):1230-8. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3803. Epub 2015 Mar 31.