Anticoagulation Using Rivaroxaban on Top of Aspirin in Intracranial Atherostenosis Stenosis (AA-ICAS)

Inclusion Criteria: Age ≥ 30 years and ≤ 75 years TIA or Acute ischemic stroke that occurred within 30 days prior to randomization. Modified Rankin score of ≤ 3 TIA or Acute ischemic stroke attributed to a 50 to 99% stenosis of a major intracranial artery (internal carotid artery [ICA], vertebral artery [VA], basilar artery [BA] and the M1 segment of middle cerebral artery [MCA]). The diagnostic evaluation for ICAS at each site is confirmed by the local investigator, using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or computerized tomographic angiography (CTA), high resolution MR, or digital substraction angiography (DSA). To increase the likelihood that the symptomatic intracranial stenosis is atherosclerotic, patients aged 30-49 years are required to meet at least one additional criteria (i-vi) below: i. insulin dependent diabetes for at least 15 years. ii. at least 2 of the following atherosclerotic risk factors: hypertension (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 or on antihypertensive therapy); dyslipidemia (low density lipoprotein [LDL] ≥ 130 mg /dl or high density lipoprotein [HDL] < 40 mg/dl or fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl or on lipid lowering therapy); smoking; non-insulin dependent diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes of less than 15 years duration; family history of any of the following: myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass, coronary angioplasty or stenting, stroke, carotid endarterectomy or stenting, peripheral vascular surgery in parent or sibling who was < 55 years of age for men or < 65 for women at the time of the event. iii. history of any of the following: myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass, coronary angioplasty or stenting, carotid endarterectomy or stenting, or peripheral vascular surgery for atherosclerotic disease. iv. any stenosis of an extracranial carotid or vertebral artery, another intracranial artery, subclavian artery, coronary artery, iliac or femoral artery, other lower or upper extremity artery, mesenteric artery, or renal artery that was documented by non-invasive vascular imaging or catheter angiography and is considered atherosclerotic. v. aortic arch atheroma documented by non-invasive vascular imaging or catheter angiography. vi. any aortic aneurysm documented by non-invasive vascular imaging or catheter angiography that is considered atherosclerotic. Patient agrees with follow-up visits and is available by phone. Patient understands the purpose and requirements of the study, can make him/herself understood, and has signed informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: Previous treatment of target intracranial lesion with a stent, angioplasty, or other mechanical devices (e.g. mechanical thrombectomy, coil embolization) Plan to perform angioplasty, stenting, coiling, thrombectomy, endarterectomy or aneurysmal coil embolization for any other cerebral blood vessels (common carotid artery [CCA], ICA, VA, MCA, anterior cerebral artery [ACA], posterior cerebral artery [PCA] et al) Intracranial tumor (except meningioma) or any intracranial vascular malformation Thrombolytic therapy within 24 hours prior to randomization Progressive neurological signs within 24 hours prior to enrollment History of any intracranial hemorrhage (parenchymal, subarachnoid, subdural, epidural) Intracranial arterial stenosis due to arterial dissection; MoyaMoya disease; any known vasculitic disease; viral vasculopathy; neurosyphilis; any other intracranial infection; any intracranial stenosis associated with cerebral spinal fluid pleocytosis; radiation induced vasculopathy; fibromuscular dysplasia; sickle cell disease; neurofibromatosis; benign angiopathy of central nervous system; postpartum angiopathy; suspected vasospastic process; reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS); suspected recanalized embolus Presence of any of the following unequivocal cardiac sources of embolism: chronic or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, mechanical valve, endocarditis, intracardiac clot or vegetation, myocardial infarction within three months, dilated cardiomyopathy, left atrial spontaneous echo contrast, ejection fraction less than 30% Known allergy or contraindication to aspirin, clopidogrel or rivaroxaban. Active peptic ulcer disease, major systemic hemorrhage within 30 days, active bleeding diathesis, platelets < 100,000, hematocrit < 30, international normalized ration [INR] > 1.5, clotting factor abnormality that increases the risk of bleeding, current alcohol or substance abuse, uncontrolled severe hypertension (systolic pressure > 180 mm Hg or diastolic pressure > 115 mm Hg), severe liver impairment (aspartate transaminase [AST] or alanine transaminase [ALT] > 3 x normal, cirrhosis), creatinine > 3.0 (unless on dialysis) Major surgery (including open femoral, aortic, cardiac or carotid surgery) within previous 30 days or planned in the next 1 year after enrollment. Any condition other than intracranial arterial stenosis that requires the subject to take any antithrombotic medication other than aspirin (NOTE: exceptions allowed for use of subcutaneous heparin for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis while hospitalized) Severe neurological deficit that renders the patient incapable of living independently Dementia or psychiatric problem that prevents the patient from relevant evaluation or follow-up reliably Co-morbid conditions that may limit survival to less than 1 year Currently breastfeeding, pregnancy or of childbearing potential and unwilling to use contraception for the duration of this study Enrollment in another study that would conflict with the current study.