Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasm (CIN) in Women (Gardasil) (V501-015) (FUTURE II)

A Randomized, Worldwide, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study to Investigate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy on the Incidence of HPV 16/18-Related CIN 2/3 or Worse of the Quadrivalent HPV (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccine in 16- to 23-Year Old Women - The FUTURE II Study (Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease)

The primary purpose of the study is to determine if GARDASIL™ (V501) is able to prevent cervical cancer.

In the 4-year Base Study (V501-015) (NCT00092534), participants were randomized in a 1:1 order to receive 3 doses of GARDASIL™ or matching placebo at Day 1, Month 2, and Month 6 and were assessed for efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety. In the Base Study Extension (EXT) [V501-015-10], participants who received placebo or only 1 dose of GARDASIL™ in the Base Study, were given 3 doses of open-label GARDASIL™ at EXT Day 1, EXT Month 2, and EXT Month 6, and were followed to EXT Month 7. Participants who who received 2 doses of GARDASIL™ in the Base Study were given 1 dose of GARDASIL™ at EXT Day 1 and were followed for 15 days (day of vaccination plus 14 days). In the 10-year Base Study Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) [V501-015-21] the effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of GARDASIL™ was assessed during a period of 10 years following completion of the Base Study (V501-015) [14 years after the first dose of GARDASIL™] and, for some measures, the Base Study EXT (V501-015-10) [10 years after the first dose of GARDASIL™]. Participants from Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden who participated in the Base Study were eligible to enroll in the LTFU. Effectiveness and safety was assessed by registry-based follow-up, and immunogenicity was assessed by serological testing at approximately Year 5 and Year 10 of the V501-015-21 LTFU. An 8-year extension was added to the LTFU (V501-015-22] to continue the evaluation of the long-term effectiveness and immunogenicity of GARDASIL™. Effectiveness and safety will be assessed by registry-based follow-up, and immunogenicity will be assessed by serological testing at approximately Year 4 and Year 8 of the extension of the LTFU.

The Vaccination Period for the base study encompassed Day 1 through Month 7, during which time study subjects in Group 1 were vaccinated (at Day 1, Month 2 and Month 6) with the Quadrivalent HPV vaccine.

The Vaccination Period for the base study encompassed Day 1 through Month 7, during which time study subjects in Group 2 were vaccinated (at Day 1, Month 2 and Month 6) with placebo.

A 0.5 mL intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle at Day 1, Month 2, and Month 6 in the Base Study.

A placebo 0.5 mL intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle at Day 1, Month 2, and Month 6 in the Base Study.

Incidence of the Composite Endpoint of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18-related Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) 2 or Worse in the Base Study

This measure is defined to have occurred when, on a single cervical biopsy, endocervical curettage (ECC), loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), or conization specimen, there was HPV Vaccine consensus diagnosis of CIN 2 or worse up to 4 years after the first vaccination. For this measure, CIN 2 or worse includes CIN 2, CIN 3, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) or cervical cancer related to HPV 16 or 18.

Incidence of the Composite Endpoint of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18-related Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) 2 or Worse in the Long-term Follow-up (LTFU) Study

This measure is defined to have occurred when, on a single cervical biopsy, endocervical curettage (ECC), loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), or conization specimen, there was HPV Vaccine Nordic pathology panel (NPP) consensus diagnosis of CIN 2 or worse up to 14 years after the first vaccination. For this measure, CIN 2 or worse includes CIN 2, CIN 3, AIS or cervical cancer related to HPV 16 or 18. Only participants who received qHPV vaccine during the Base Study vaccination period and consented for inclusion in the LTFU are included. Because the objective was to demonstrate qHPV vaccine prophylactic efficacy at 14 years, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Incidence of the Composite Endpoint of HPV16/18-related CIN 2 or Worse in the Long-term Follow-up (LTFU) Study

This measure is defined to have occurred when, on a single cervical biopsy, ECC, LEEP, or conization specimen, there was HPV Vaccine NPP consensus diagnosis of CIN 2 or worse up to 22 years after the first vaccination. For this measure, CIN 2 or worse includes CIN 2, CIN 3, AIS or cervical cancer related to HPV 16 or 18. Only participants who received qHPV vaccine during the Base Study vaccination period and consented for inclusion in the LTFU will be included.

Number of Participants With Anti-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 6 Titer ≥20 mMU/mL Based on Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Base Study

Anti-HPV levels >20 mMU/mL neutralize a large input load of HPV 6 pseudovirions in vitro; thus, the number of participants with anti-HPV 6 ≥20 mMU/mL 4 four weeks after the third quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) or placebo vaccination in the Base Study was determined.

Number of Participants With Anti-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 11 Titer ≥16 mMU/mL Based on Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Base Study

Anti-HPV levels >20 mMU/mL neutralize a large input load of HPV 11 virions in vitro; thus, the number of participants with anti-HPV 11 ≥16 mMU/mL 4 four weeks after the third quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) or placebo vaccination in the Base Study was determined.

Number of Participants With Anti-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 Titer ≥20 mMU/mL Based on Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Base Study

Anti-HPV levels >20 mMU/mL neutralize a large input load of HPV 16 pseudovirions in vitro; thus, the number of participants with anti-HPV 16 ≥20 mMU/mL 4 four weeks after the third quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) or placebo vaccination in the Base Study was determined.

Number of Participants With Anti-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 18 Titer ≥24 mMU/mL Based on Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Base Study

Anti-HPV levels >20 mMU/mL neutralize a large input load of HPV 18 pseudovirions in vitro; thus, the number of participants with anti-HPV 18 ≥24 mMU/mL 4 four weeks after the third quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) or placebo vaccination in the Base Study was determined.

Incidence of the Composite Endpoint of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59-related Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Grade 2 or Worse in the Long-term Follow-up (LTFU) Study

This measure is defined to have occurred when, on a single cervical biopsy, endocervical curettage (ECC), loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), or conization specimen, there was HPV Vaccine Nordic pathology panel (NPP) consensus diagnosis of CIN 2 or worse related to nonvaccine HPV types up to 14 years after the first vaccination. For this measure, CIN 2 or worse includes CIN 2, CIN 3, AIS or cervical cancer related to nonvaccine HPV types 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, or 59. Only participants who received qHPV vaccine during the Base Study vaccination period and consented for inclusion in the LTFU are included. Because the objective was to demonstrate qHPV vaccine prophylactic efficacy at 14 years, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Incidence of the Composite Endpoint of HPV 6/11/16/18-related CIN (Any Grade), AIS, Cervical Cancer, Vulvar Cancer or Vaginal Cancer the Long-term Follow-up (LTFU) Study

This measure was defined to have occurred if on a single biopsy or excised tissue, there was the NPP consensus diagnosis of CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, AIS, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer or vaginal cancer AND at least 1 of HPV types 6, 11, 16 or 18 was detected by Thin-section PCR in an adjacent section from the same tissue block. Only participants who received qHPV vaccine during the Base Study vaccination period and consented for inclusion in the LTFU are included. Because the objective was to demonstrate qHPV vaccine prophylactic efficacy at 14 years, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Incidence of the Composite Endpoint of HPV 6/11/16/18-related CIN (Any Grade), AIS, Cervical Cancer, Vulvar Cancer or Vaginal Cancer the Long-term Follow-up (LTFU) Study

This measure is defined to have occurred if on a single biopsy or excised tissue, there is the NPP consensus diagnosis of CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, AIS, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer or vaginal cancer AND at least 1 of HPV types 6, 11, 16 or 18 is detected by Thin-section PCR in an adjacent section from the same tissue block.

Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 108 Assessed by Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types were measured using cLIA. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 168 Assessed by Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types were measured using cLIA. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Percentage of Participants With Seropositivity to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 108 Assessed by Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types were measured using cLIA. Seropositivity was assessed by competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA); the serostatus cut-offs for anti-HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 serum cLIA were 20, 16, 20 and 24 milliMerck units (mMU)/mL, respectively. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Percentage of Participants With Seropositivity to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 168 Assessed by Competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types were measured using cLIA. Seropositivity was assessed by cLIA; the serostatus cut-offs for anti-HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 serum cLIA were 20, 16, 20 and 24 milliMerck units (mMU)/mL, respectively. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 108 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types were measured using IgG LIA. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 168 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) types were measured using IgG LIA. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Percentage of Participants With Seropositivity to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 108 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to HPV types were measured using anti-HPV IgG LIA. The serostatus cut-offs for IgG LIA anti-HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 at Month 108 were 15, 15, 7, and 10 milliMerck units (mMU)/mL, respectively. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Percentage of Participants With Seropositivity to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 168 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to HPV types were measured using anti-HPV IgG LIA. The serostatus cut-offs for IgG LIA anti-HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 at Month 168 were 9, 6, 5, and 5 milliMerck units (mMU)/mL, respectively. Because the objective was to demonstrate antibody persistence at 14 years following vaccination in susceptible individuals, Cohort 2 was not included in the analysis.

Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 216 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Percentage of Participants With Seropositivity to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 216 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) ) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to HPV types will be measured using anti-HPV IgG LIA. The serostatus cut-offs for IgG LIA anti-HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 are 15, 15, 7, and 10 milliMerck units (mMU)/mL, respectively. The percentage of participants that are seropositive for each type will be summarized.

Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 264 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Percentage of Participants With Seropositivity to HPV Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at Month 264 Assessed by Immunoglobulin G Luminex Immunoassay (IgG LIA) in the Long-Term Follow-Up (LTFU) Study

Antibodies to HPV types will be measured using anti-HPV IgG LIA. The serostatus cut-offs for IgG LIA anti-HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 are 15, 15, 7, and 10 milliMerck units (mMU)/mL, respectively. The percentage of participants that are seropositive for each type will be summarized.

Inclusion Criteria for the Base Study: Healthy women with an intact uterus with lifetime history of 0-4 sexual partners --For Extension Phase: Participant received placebo or an incomplete vaccination series in the original study --For LTFU: Participant was randomized into the Base Study from Denmark, Iceland, Norway, or Sweden. Agreed to allow passive follow-up (retrospective review of registry data), analysis of biopsy specimens, future contact from National Registry Study Center and serum collection Exclusion Criteria for the Base Study: Prior Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination Prior abnormal Paps Prior history of genital warts --For Extension Phase: Prior complete HPV vaccination series Subject lives in a country in which Gardasil is approved and is within the age range of the local labeling for Gardasil --For LTFU Study: There were no exclusion criteria that did not overlap the inclusion criteria for this study.

FUTURE II Study Group. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 10;356(19):1915-27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061741.

Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, James M, Lu S, Railkar R, Barr E, Haupt RM, Joura EA. Natural history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 15;199(6):805-14. doi: 10.1086/597071.

Barr E, Gause CK, Bautista OM, Railkar RA, Lupinacci LC, Insinga RP, Sings HL, Haupt RM. Impact of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in a sexually active population of North American women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Mar;198(3):261.e1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.09.001.

Joura EA, Leodolter S, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Koutsky LA, Garland SM, Harper DM, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Steben M, Jones RW, Bryan J, Taddeo FJ, Bautista OM, Esser MT, Sings HL, Nelson M, Boslego JW, Sattler C, Barr E, Paavonen J. Efficacy of a quadrivalent prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against high-grade vulval and vaginal lesions: a combined analysis of three randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2007 May 19;369(9574):1693-702. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60777-6.

Perez G, Lazcano-Ponce E, Hernandez-Avila M, Garcia PJ, Munoz N, Villa LL, Bryan J, Taddeo FJ, Lu S, Esser MT, Vuocolo S, Sattler C, Barr E. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine in Latin American women. Int J Cancer. 2008 Mar 15;122(6):1311-8. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23260.

FUTURE II Study Group. Prophylactic efficacy of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in women with virological evidence of HPV infection. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196(10):1438-46. doi: 10.1086/522864. Epub 2007 Oct 31.

Ault KA; Future II Study Group. Effect of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like-particle vaccine on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, grade 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ: a combined analysis of four randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2007 Jun 2;369(9576):1861-1868. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60852-6.

Giuliano AR, Lazcano-Ponce E, Villa L, Nolan T, Marchant C, Radley D, Golm G, McCarroll K, Yu J, Esser MT, Vuocolo SC, Barr E. Impact of baseline covariates on the immunogenicity of a quadrivalent (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) human papillomavirus virus-like-particle vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 15;196(8):1153-62. doi: 10.1086/521679. Epub 2007 Sep 17.

Garland SM, Insinga RP, Sings HL, Haupt RM, Joura EA. Human papillomavirus infections and vulvar disease development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Jun;18(6):1777-84. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0067.

Skjeldestad FE, Mehta V, Sings HL, Ovreness T, Turpin J, Su L, Boerckel P, Roberts C, Bryan J, Jansen KU, Esser MT, Liaw KL. Seroprevalence and genital DNA prevalence of HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 in a cohort of young Norwegian women: study design and cohort characteristics. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(1):81-8. doi: 10.1080/00016340701714703.

Nygard M, Saah A, Munk C, Tryggvadottir L, Enerly E, Hortlund M, Sigurdardottir LG, Vuocolo S, Kjaer SK, Dillner J. Evaluation of the Long-Term Anti-Human Papillomavirus 6 (HPV6), 11, 16, and 18 Immune Responses Generated by the Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015 Aug;22(8):943-8. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00133-15. Epub 2015 Jun 17.

Tay EH, Garland S, Tang G, Nolan T, Huang LM, Orloski L, Lu S, Barr E. Clinical trial experience with prophylactic HPV 6/11/16/18 VLP vaccine in young women from the Asia-Pacific region. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008 Sep;102(3):275-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.03.021. Epub 2008 Jun 16.

Majewski S, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Iversen OE, Kjaer SK, Munoz N, Olsson SE, Paavonen J, Sigurdsson K, Bryan J, Esser MT, Giacoletti K, James M, Taddeo F, Vuocolo S, Barr E. The impact of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) virus-like particle vaccine in European women aged 16 to 24. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Oct;23(10):1147-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03266.x. Epub 2009 Apr 23.

Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Maansson R, Lu S, Vuocolo S, Hesley TM, Saah A, Barr E, Haupt RM. A pooled analysis of continued prophylactic efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (Types 6/11/16/18) vaccine against high-grade cervical and external genital lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009 Oct;2(10):868-78. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0031. Epub 2009 Sep 29.

FUTURE I/II Study Group; Dillner J, Kjaer SK, Wheeler CM, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez-Avila M, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX, Joura EA, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan JT, Maansson R, Lu S, Vuocolo S, Hesley TM, Barr E, Haupt R. Four year efficacy of prophylactic human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Jul 20;341:c3493. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3493.

Olsson SE, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Maansson R, Vuocolo S, Hesley TM, Saah A, Barr E, Haupt RM. Evaluation of quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine efficacy against cervical and anogenital disease in subjects with serological evidence of prior vaccine type HPV infection. Hum Vaccin. 2009 Oct;5(10):696-704. doi: 10.4161/hv.5.10.9515. Epub 2009 Oct 1.

Haupt RM, Wheeler CM, Brown DR, Garland SM, Ferris DG, Paavonen JA, Lehtinen MO, Steben M, Joura EA, Giacoletti KE, Radley DR, James MK, Saah AJ, Sings HL; FUTURE I and II Investigators. Impact of an HPV6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine on progression to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in seropositive women with HPV16/18 infection. Int J Cancer. 2011 Dec 1;129(11):2632-42. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25940. Epub 2011 Apr 13.

Kjaer SK, Nygard M, Dillner J, Brooke Marshall J, Radley D, Li M, Munk C, Hansen BT, Sigurdardottir LG, Hortlund M, Tryggvadottir L, Joshi A, Das R, Saah AJ. A 12-Year Follow-up on the Long-Term Effectiveness of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in 4 Nordic Countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Jan 18;66(3):339-345. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix797.

Lehtinen M, Lagheden C, Luostarinen T, Eriksson T, Apter D, Bly A, Gray P, Harjula K, Heikkila K, Hokkanen M, Karttunen H, Kuortti M, Nieminen P, Nummela M, Paavonen J, Palmroth J, Petaja T, Pukkala E, Soderlund-Strand A, Veivo U, Dillner J. Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against invasive, HPV-positive cancers: population-based follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2021 Dec 30;11(12):e050669. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050669.

Enerly E, Berger S, Kjaer SK, Sundstrom K, Campbell S, Tryggvadottir L, Munk C, Hortlund M; Thomas Group. Electronic address: thomas_group@merck.com; Joshi A, Saah AJ, Nygard M. Use of real-world data for HPV vaccine trial follow-up in the Nordic region. Contemp Clin Trials. 2020 May;92:105996. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.105996. Epub 2020 Apr 1.

Doshi P, Bourgeois F, Hong K, Jones M, Lee H, Shamseer L, Spence O, Jefferson T. Adjuvant-containing control arms in pivotal quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine trials: restoration of previously unpublished methodology. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2020 Dec;25(6):213-219. doi: 10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111331. Epub 2020 Mar 17.

Giuliano AR, Joura EA, Garland SM, Huh WK, Iversen OE, Kjaer SK, Ferenczy A, Kurman RJ, Ronnett BM, Stoler MH, Bautista OM, Moeller E, Ritter M, Shields C, Luxembourg A. Nine-valent HPV vaccine efficacy against related diseases and definitive therapy: comparison with historic placebo population. Gynecol Oncol. 2019 Jul;154(1):110-117. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.03.253. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Garland SM, Joura EA, Ault KA, Bosch FX, Brown DR, Castellsague X, Ferenczy A, Ferris DG, Giuliano AR, Hernandez-Avila M, Huh WK, Iversen OE, Kjaer SK, Kurman RJ, Luna J, Monsonego J, Munoz N, Paavonen J, Pitisuttihum P, Ronnett BM, Steben M, Stoler MH, Wheeler CM, Wiley DJ, Perez G, Saah AJ, Luxembourg A, Li S, DiNubile MJ, Wagner M, Velicer C. Human Papillomavirus Genotypes From Vaginal and Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Females 15-26 Years of Age. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Aug;132(2):261-270. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002736.

Castellsague X, Ault KA, Bosch FX, Brown D, Cuzick J, Ferris DG, Joura EA, Garland SM, Giuliano AR, Hernandez-Avila M, Huh W, Iversen OE, Kjaer SK, Luna J, Monsonego J, Munoz N, Myers E, Paavonen J, Pitisuttihum P, Steben M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Saah A, Luxembourg A, Sings HL, Velicer C. Human papillomavirus detection in cervical neoplasia attributed to 12 high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes by region. Papillomavirus Res. 2016 Dec;2:61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.pvr.2016.03.002. Epub 2016 Mar 14.

Clark LR, Myers ER, Huh W, Joura EA, Paavonen J, Perez G, James MK, Sings HL, Haupt RM, Saah AJ, Garner EI. Clinical trial experience with prophylactic human papillomavirus 6/11/16/18 vaccine in young black women. J Adolesc Health. 2013 Mar;52(3):322-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.003. Epub 2012 Aug 15.

Ruiz AM, Ruiz JE, Gavilanes AV, Eriksson T, Lehtinen M, Perez G, Sings HL, James MK, Haupt RM; FUTURE I and II Study Group. Proximity of first sexual intercourse to menarche and risk of high-grade cervical disease. J Infect Dis. 2012 Dec 15;206(12):1887-96. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis612. Epub 2012 Oct 12.

Joura EA, Garland SM, Paavonen J, Ferris DG, Perez G, Ault KA, Huh WK, Sings HL, James MK, Haupt RM; FUTURE I and II Study Group. Effect of the human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent vaccine in a subgroup of women with cervical and vulvar disease: retrospective pooled analysis of trial data. BMJ. 2012 Mar 27;344:e1401. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e1401.

Lehtinen M, Ault KA, Lyytikainen E, Dillner J, Garland SM, Ferris DG, Koutsky LA, Sings HL, Lu S, Haupt RM, Paavonen J; FUTURE I and II Study Group. Chlamydia trachomatis infection and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Sex Transm Infect. 2011 Aug;87(5):372-6. doi: 10.1136/sti.2010.044354. Epub 2011 Apr 6.

Ault KA, Joura EA, Kjaer SK, Iversen OE, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Garland SM, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Steben M, Bosch FX, Majewski S, Munoz N, Sings HL, Harkins K, Rutkowski MA, Haupt RM, Garner EI; FUTURE I and II Study Group. Adenocarcinoma in situ and associated human papillomavirus type distribution observed in two clinical trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine. Int J Cancer. 2011 Mar 15;128(6):1344-53. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25723. Epub 2011 Jan 12.

Garland SM, Ault KA, Gall SA, Paavonen J, Sings HL, Ciprero KL, Saah A, Marino D, Ryan D, Radley D, Zhou H, Haupt RM, Garner EIO; Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Phase III Investigators. Pregnancy and infant outcomes in the clinical trials of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine: a combined analysis of five randomized controlled trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1179-1188. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2ca21.

Brown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, Kurman RJ, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Lupinacci LC, Giacoletti KE, Sings HL, James M, Hesley TM, Barr E. The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV; types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in generally HPV-naive women aged 16-26 years. J Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 1;199(7):926-35. doi: 10.1086/597307.

Wheeler CM, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez-Avila M, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, Garcia P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Olsson SE, Tang GW, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, Kurman RJ, Majewski S, Munoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Lupinacci LC, Giacoletti KE, James M, Vuocolo S, Hesley TM, Barr E. The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV; types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in sexually active women aged 16-26 years. J Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 1;199(7):936-44. doi: 10.1086/597309.