Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Lestaurtinib in Treating Younger Patients With Newly Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Lestaurtinib in Treating Younger Patients With Newly Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A Phase III Study of Risk Directed Therapy for Infants With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Randomization of Highest Risk Infants to Intensive Chemotherapy +/- FLT3 Inhibition (CEP-701, Lestaurtinib; NSC#617807)

This phase III trial studies combination chemotherapy with or without lestaurtinib with to see how well they work in treating younger patients with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop the growth of stop cancer cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. Lestaurtinib may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. It is not yet known whether combination chemotherapy is more effective with or without lestaurtinib in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To estimate the 3-year event-free survival (EFS) of infants with mixed lineage leukemia-rearranged (MLL-R) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with chemotherapy plus the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor lestaurtinib. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To compare the 3-year EFS of infants with MLL-R ALL treated with chemotherapy plus the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib to MLL-R patients treated with chemotherapy alone. II. To determine a safe, tolerable and biologically active dose of lestaurtinib given in sequential combination with chemotherapy in MLL-R infants. III. To characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lestaurtinib in infants when given at the proposed dose in sequential combination with chemotherapy. IV. To identify molecular mechanisms of resistance to lestaurtinib in leukemic blasts. V. To describe levels of minimal residual disease in infants with ALL within the context of the proposed therapy, and correlate with outcome. VI. To identify gene expression patterns in diagnostic infant leukemia samples that correlate with outcome within the context of the proposed therapy. VII. To describe the outcome of infants with MLL-G ALL treated with a modified P9407 chemotherapy backbone that includes an extended continuation phase. OUTLINE: INDUCTION THERAPY (WEEKS 1-5): All patients receive induction therapy comprising vincristine sulfate intravenously (IV) over 1 minute on days 8, 15, 22, and 29; daunorubicin hydrochloride IV over 30 minutes on days 8 and 9; cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes every 12 hours on days 3 and 4 (closed as of 05/19/09); pegaspargase or asparaginase intramuscularly (IM) on days 15, 18, 22, 25, 29, and 33; prednisone orally (PO) thrice daily (TID) or methylprednisolone IV on days 1-7; dexamethasone IV or PO TID on days 8-28; cytarabine IV over 30 minutes on days 8-21; methotrexate intrathecally (IT) on days 1 and 29; cytarabine IT on day 15; hydrocortisone IT on days 15 and 29; and filgrastim IV or subcutaneously (SC) beginning on day 5 and continuing until blood counts recover. Standard-risk patients are non-randomly assigned to receive a less intensive chemotherapy regimen without lestaurtinib (post-induction therapy A). Patients undergo echocardiography (ECHO) or multigated acquisition scan (MUGA), blood sample collection and bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 1. POST-INDUCTION THERAPY A: (for standard-risk patients MLL-germline [G]) INDUCTION INTENSIFICATION (WEEKS 6-9): Patients receive high-dose methotrexate IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1 and 8; triple IT chemotherapy comprising methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone on days 1 and 8; leucovorin calcium IV or PO every 6 hours beginning 42 hours after start of high-dose methotrexate and continuing until methotrexate level is < 0.1 uM; cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes on days 15-19; etoposide IV over 2 hours on days 15-19; and filgrastim IV or SC beginning on day 20 and continuing until blood counts recover. Patients in morphologic remission proceed to re-induction therapy. Patients may undergo bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 6. RE-INDUCTION (WEEKS 10-12): Patients receive vincristine sulfate IV over 1 minute on days 1, 8, and 15; daunorubicin hydrochloride IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 2; cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes every 12 hours on days 3 and 4; pegaspargase or asparaginase IM on day 4; dexamethasone IV or PO twice daily (BID) on days 1-7 and 15-21; triple IT chemotherapy comprising methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone on days 1 and 15; and filgrastim IV or SC beginning on day 5 and continuing until blood counts recover. Patients undergo ECHO or MUGA, blood sample collection and bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 10. CONSOLIDATION (WEEKS 13-19): Patients receive high-dose methotrexate IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1 and 8; leucovorin calcium IV every 6 hours beginning 42 hours after start of high-dose methotrexate and continuing until methotrexate level is < 0.1 uM; triple IT chemotherapy comprising methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone on day 1; etoposide IV over 2 hours on days 15-19; cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes on days 15-19; high-dose cytarabine IV over 3 hours every 12 hours on days 29 and 30; pegaspargase or asparaginase IM on day 30; and filgrastim IV or SC beginning on day 20 and day 31 and continuing until blood counts recover. CONTINUATION I (WEEKS 20-41): Patients receive vincristine sulfate IV on day 1 in weeks 20 and 24; dexamethasone IV or PO BID on days 1-5 in weeks 20, and 24; triple IT chemotherapy comprising methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone on day 1 in weeks 20 and 24; methotrexate IV on day 1 in weeks 21-24 and 25-27; etoposide IV over 2 hours on day 1-5 in week 28; cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes on days 1-5 in week 28; mercaptopurine PO on days 1-7 in weeks 21-23 and 25-27; and filgrastim SC or IV beginning on day 6 in week 28 and continuing until blood counts recover. Patients may undergo bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 20. CONTINUATION II (WEEKS 42-104): Patients receive vincristine sulfate IV on days 1, 29, and 57; dexamethasone IV or PO BID on days 1-5, 29-33, and 57-61; methotrexate IT on day 1; methotrexate PO on days 8, 15, 22, 36, 43, 50, 64, 71, and 78; and mercaptopurine PO on days 8-28, 36-56, and 64-84. Treatment repeats every 12 weeks for 2 years from diagnosis. A safety/activity phase is conducted separately for the intermediate-risk (IR) and high-risk (HR) patients to identify a safe, tolerable, and biologically active dose of lestaurtinib combined with chemotherapy backbone. Once a tolerable/active dose of lestaurtinib has been identified for IR patients, subsequent IR patients are eligible to proceed to an efficacy phase, where they are randomized (or non-randomly assigned as of 7/16/2014) to chemotherapy with or without lestaurtinib. HR patients separately proceed to the randomized efficacy phase if a tolerable/active dose is identified for the HR stratum. IR and HR patients are randomized (or non-randomly assigned as of 7/16/2014) to 1 of 2 post-induction therapy regimens (post-induction therapy B or C). POST-INDUCTION THERAPY B: (chemotherapy only for IR/HR patients classified as MLL-R; age >= 90 days at diagnosis): INDUCTION INTENSIFICATION (WEEKS 6-9): Patients receive high-dose methotrexate, leucovorin calcium, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and filgrastim as in post-induction therapy A induction intensification. Patients in morphologic remission proceed to re-induction Patients undergo ECHO or MUGA, blood sample collection and bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 6. (Retired as of 7/16/2014) RE-INDUCTION (WEEKS 10-12): Patients receive vincristine sulfate, daunorubicin hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, pegaspargase or asparaginase, dexamethasone, triple IT chemotherapy, and filgrastim as in post-induction therapy A re-induction. Patients undergo ECHO or MUGA, blood sample collection and bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 10. (Retired as of 7/16/2014) CONSOLIDATION (WEEKS 13-19): Patients receive high-dose methotrexate, leucovorin calcium, triple IT chemotherapy, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, high-dose cytarabine, pegaspargase or asparaginase, and filgrastim as in post-induction therapy A consolidation. (Retired as of 7/16/2014) CONTINUATION I (WEEKS 20-49): Patients receive vincristine sulfate IV over 1 minute on day 1 in weeks 20, 24, 33, 37, and 46; dexamethasone PO or IV BID on days 1-5 in weeks 20, 24, 33, 37, and 46; triple IT chemotherapy on day 1 in weeks 20, 24, 33, 37, and 46; methotrexate IV on day 1 in weeks 21-23, 25-26 and 37-45; mercaptopurine PO on days 1-7 in weeks 21-23, 25-26 and 37-45; etoposide IV over 2 hours on days 1-5 in week 27; cyclophosphamide IV over 2 hours on days 1-5 in week 27: high-dose cytarabine IV over 3 hours every 12 hours on days 1 and 2 in week 30; pegaspargase or asparaginase IM on day 2 in week 30: and filgrastim SC or IV beginning on day 3 in weeks 30 and continuing until blood counts recover. Patients may undergo bone marrow biopsy on day 1 of weeks 20, 33 and 46. (Retired as of 7/16/2014) CONTINUATION II (WEEKS 50-104): Patients receive vincristine sulfate, dexamethasone, IT methotrexate, methotrexate PO, and mercaptopurine PO as in post-induction therapy A continuation II. Treatment repeats every 12 weeks for 2 years from diagnosis. (Retired as of 7/16/2014) POST-INDUCTION THERAPY C: (chemotherapy and lestaurtinib for IR/HR patients classified as MLL-R; age < 90 days at diagnosis) INDUCTION INTENSIFICATION THERAPY (WEEKS 6-9): Patients receive high-dose methotrexate, leucovorin calcium, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and filgrastim as in post-induction therapy B induction intensification. Patients also receive lestaurtinib PO BID on days 20-27. Patients in morphologic remission proceed to re-induction.Patients undergo ECHO or MUGA, blood sample collection and bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 6. RE-INDUCTION (WEEKS 10-12): Patients receive vincristine sulfate, daunorubicin hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, pegaspargase or asparaginase, dexamethasone, triple IT chemotherapy, and filgrastim as in post-induction therapy B re-induction. Patients also receive lestaurtinib PO on days 5-20. Patients undergo ECHO or MUGA, blood sample collection and bone marrow biopsy on day 1 week 10. CONSOLIDATION (WEEKS 13-19) Patients receive high-dose methotrexate, leucovorin calcium, triple IT chemotherapy, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, high-dose cytarabine, pegaspargase or asparaginase, and filgrastim as in post-induction therapy B consolidation. Patients also receive lestaurtinib PO on days 20-27 and 31-42. CONTINUATION I (WEEKS 20-49): Patients receive vincristine sulfate, dexamethasone, triple IT chemotherapy, methotrexate, mercaptopurine, etoposide, high-dose cytarabine, pegaspargase or asparaginase, and filgrastim as in post-induction therapy B continuation I. Patients also receive lestaurtinib PO on days 2-6 in weeks 20 and 24; days 27-41 in weeks 27-29; days 45-56 in weeks 30-32. Patients may undergo bone marrow biopsy on day 1 of weeks 20, 33 and 46. CONTINUATION II (WEEKS 50-104): Patients receive vincristine sulfate, dexamethasone, IT methotrexate, methotrexate PO, and mercaptopurine PO as in post-induction therapy B continuation II. Treatment repeats every 12 weeks for 2 years from diagnosis. After completion of study treatment, all patients are followed up every 1-6 months for 4 years and then annually thereafter.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia, Childhood T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Population Description: Eligible patients with MLL-R (rearranged). Considered Intermediate Risk (IR) if age >= 90 days at diagnosis and High Risk (HR) if age < 90 days at diagnosis.

Population Description: Eligible patients with MLL-R (rearranged). Considered Intermediate Risk (IR) if age >= 90 days at diagnosis and High Risk (HR) if age < 90 days at diagnosis.

ASP-1, Asparaginase II, Asparaginase-E.Coli, Colaspase, Elspar, Kidrolase, L-Asnase, L-ASP, L-Asparaginase, L-Asparagine Amidohydrolase, Laspar, Lcf-ASP, Leucogen, Leunase, MK-965, Paronal, Re-82-TAD-15, Serasa, Spectrila

(-)-Cyclophosphamide, 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorine, 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-, 2-oxide, monohydrate, Carloxan, Ciclofosfamida, Ciclofosfamide, Cicloxal, Clafen, Claphene, CP monohydrate, CTX, CYCLO-cell, Cycloblastin, Cycloblastine, Cyclophospham, Cyclophosphamid monohydrate, Cyclophosphamide Monohydrate, Cyclophosphamidum, Cyclophosphan, Cyclophosphane, Cyclophosphanum, Cyclostin, Cyclostine, Cytophosphan, Cytophosphane, Cytoxan, Fosfaseron, Genoxal, Genuxal, Ledoxina, Mitoxan, Neosar, Revimmune, Syklofosfamid, WR- 138719

.beta.-Cytosine arabinoside, 1-.beta.-D-Arabinofuranosyl-4-amino-2(1H)pyrimidinone, 1-.beta.-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine, 1-Beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-4-amino-2(1H)pyrimidinone, 1-Beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, 1.beta.-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine, 2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-Amino-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-, 2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-amino-1.beta.-D-arabinofuranosyl-, Alexan, Ara-C, ARA-cell, Arabine, Arabinofuranosylcytosine, Arabinosylcytosine, Aracytidine, Aracytin, Aracytine, Beta-Cytosine Arabinoside, CHX-3311, Cytarabinum, Cytarbel, Cytosar, Cytosine Arabinoside, Cytosine-.beta.-arabinoside, Cytosine-beta-arabinoside, Erpalfa, Starasid, Tarabine PFS, U 19920, U-19920, Udicil, WR-28453

Cerubidin, Cerubidine, Cloridrato de Daunorubicina, Daunoblastin, Daunoblastina, Daunoblastine, Daunomycin Hydrochloride, Daunomycin, hydrochloride, Daunorubicin.HCl, Daunorubicini Hydrochloridum, FI-6339, Ondena, RP-13057, Rubidomycin Hydrochloride, Rubilem

Aacidexam, Adexone, Aknichthol Dexa, Alba-Dex, Alin, Alin Depot, Alin Oftalmico, Amplidermis, Anemul mono, Auricularum, Auxiloson, Baycadron, Baycuten, Baycuten N, Cortidexason, Cortisumman, Decacort, Decadrol, Decadron, Decadron DP, Decalix, Decameth, Decasone R.p., Dectancyl, Dekacort, Deltafluorene, Deronil, Desamethasone, Desameton, Dexa-Mamallet, Dexa-Rhinosan, Dexa-Scheroson, Dexa-sine, Dexacortal, Dexacortin, Dexafarma, Dexafluorene, Dexalocal, Dexamecortin, Dexameth, Dexamethasone Intensol, Dexamethasonum, Dexamonozon, Dexapos, Dexinoral, Dexone, Dinormon, Dxevo, Fluorodelta, Fortecortin, Gammacorten, Hemady, Hexadecadrol, Hexadrol, Lokalison-F, Loverine, Methylfluorprednisolone, Millicorten, Mymethasone, Orgadrone, Spersadex, TaperDex, Visumetazone, ZoDex

Demethyl Epipodophyllotoxin Ethylidine Glucoside, EPEG, Lastet, Toposar, Vepesid, VP 16, VP 16-213, VP-16, VP-16-213, VP16

Filgrastim-aafi, Filgrastim-ayow, G-CSF, Neupogen, Nivestym, r-metHuG-CSF, Recombinant Methionyl Human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor, Releuko, rG-CSF, Tevagrastim

Adinepar, Calcifolin, Calcium (6S)-Folinate, Calcium Folinate, Calcium Leucovorin, Calfolex, Calinat, Cehafolin, Citofolin, Citrec, Citrovorum Factor, Cromatonbic Folinico, Dalisol, Disintox, Divical, Ecofol, Emovis, Factor, Citrovorum, Flynoken A, Folaren, Folaxin, FOLI-cell, Foliben, Folidan, Folidar, Folinac, Folinate Calcium, folinic acid, Folinic Acid Calcium Salt Pentahydrate, Folinoral, Folinvit, Foliplus, Folix, Imo, Lederfolat, Lederfolin, Leucosar, leucovorin, Rescufolin, Rescuvolin, Tonofolin, Wellcovorin

3H-Purine-6-thiol, 6 MP, 6 Thiohypoxanthine, 6 Thiopurine, 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Mercaptopurine Monohydrate, 6-MP, 6-Purinethiol, 6-Thiopurine, 6-Thioxopurine, 6H-Purine-6-thione, 1,7-dihydro- (9CI), 7-Mercapto-1,3,4,6-tetrazaindene, Alti-Mercaptopurine, Azathiopurine, Bw 57-323H, Flocofil, Ismipur, Leukerin, Leupurin, Mercaleukim, Mercaleukin, Mercaptina, Mercaptopurinum, Mercapurin, Mern, NCI-C04886, Puri-Nethol, Purimethol, Purine, 6-mercapto-, Purine-6-thiol (8CI), Purine-6-thiol, monohydrate, Purinethiol, Purinethol, U-4748, WR-2785

Abitrexate, Alpha-Methopterin, Amethopterin, Brimexate, CL 14377, CL-14377, Emtexate, Emthexat, Emthexate, Farmitrexat, Fauldexato, Folex, Folex PFS, Lantarel, Ledertrexate, Lumexon, Maxtrex, Medsatrexate, Metex, Methoblastin, Methotrexate LPF, Methotrexate Methylaminopterin, Methotrexatum, Metotrexato, Metrotex, Mexate, Mexate-AQ, MTX, Novatrex, Rheumatrex, Texate, Tremetex, Trexeron, Trixilem, WR-19039

Adlone, Caberdelta M, DepMedalone, Depo Moderin, Depo-Nisolone, Duralone, Emmetipi, Esametone, Firmacort, Medlone 21, Medrate, Medrol, Medrol Veriderm, Medrone, Mega-Star, Meprolone, Methylprednisolonum, Metilbetasone Solubile, Metrocort, Metypresol, Metysolon, Predni-M-Tablinen, Prednilen, Radilem, Sieropresol, Solpredone, Summicort, Urbason, Veriderm Medrol, Wyacort

Blood Pool Scan, Equilibrium Radionuclide Angiography, Gated Blood Pool Imaging, Gated Heart Pool Scan, MUGA, MUGA Scan, Multi-Gated Acquisition Scan, Radionuclide Ventriculogram Scan, Radionuclide Ventriculography, RNVG, SYMA Scanning, Synchronized Multigated Acquisition Scanning

L-Asparaginase with Polyethylene Glycol, Oncaspar, Oncaspar-IV, PEG-Asparaginase, PEG-L-Asparaginase, PEG-L-Asparaginase (Enzon - Kyowa Hakko), PEGLA, Polyethylene Glycol L-Asparaginase, Polyethylene Glycol-L-Asparaginase

.delta.1-Cortisone, 1, 2-Dehydrocortisone, Adasone, Cortancyl, Dacortin, DeCortin, Decortisyl, Decorton, Delta 1-Cortisone, Delta-Dome, Deltacortene, Deltacortisone, Deltadehydrocortisone, Deltasone, Deltison, Deltra, Econosone, Lisacort, Meprosona-F, Metacortandracin, Meticorten, Ofisolona, Orasone, Panafcort, Panasol-S, Paracort, Perrigo Prednisone, PRED, Predicor, Predicorten, Prednicen-M, Prednicort, Prednidib, Prednilonga, Predniment, Prednisone Intensol, Prednisonum, Prednitone, Promifen, Rayos, Servisone, SK-Prednisone

Aeroseb-HC, Barseb HC, Barseb-HC, Cetacort, Cort-Dome, Cortef, Cortenema, Cortifan, Cortisol, Cortispray, Cortril, Dermacort, Domolene, Eldecort, Hautosone, Heb-Cort, Hydrocortisone, Hydrocortone, Hytone, Komed-HC, Nutracort, Proctocort, Rectoid

Kyocristine, Leurocristine Sulfate, Leurocristine, sulfate, Oncovin, Vincasar, Vincosid, Vincrex, Vincristine, sulfate

EFS time is defined as time from randomization to first event (relapse, second malignant neoplasm, death) or date of last contact for patients who are event-free. EFS is constructed using the Kaplan-Meier life table method with confidence interval based on standard errors computed using the method of Peto and Peto.

Percent Probability for Event-free Survival (EFS) of MLL-R Infants Treated With Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Lestaurtinib at DL2

Event Free Probability where EFS time is defined as time from randomization to first event (relapse, second malignant neoplasm, death) or date of last contact for patients who are event-free. EFS is constructed using the Kaplan-Meier life table method with confidence interval based on standard errors computed using the method of Peto and Peto. EFS will be compared between patients on treatment Arm C at DL2 to those on Arm B.

Lestaurtinib-related dose-limiting toxicity proportions, as measured by NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0, will by summarized by dose level for Safety phase patients.

Pharmacokinetic AGP levels in infants given lestaurtinib at DL2 in combination with chemotherapy will be described with mean and standard deviation for those with available data.

Pharmacokinetic albumin in infants given lestaurtinib at DL2 in combination with chemotherapy will be described with mean and standard deviation for those with available data.

Describe FLT3 Protein Expression as a Molecular Mechanism of Primary Resistance to Lestaurtinib in Leukemic Blasts

Describe FLT3 Protein Expression as a Molecular Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Lestaurtinib in Leukemic Blasts

Describe in Vitro Sensitivity as a Molecular Mechanism of Primary Resistance to Lestaurtinib in Leukemic Blasts

Describe in Vitro Sensitivity as a Molecular Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Lestaurtinib in Leukemic Blasts

Described via means and standard deviations in samples which have acquired resistance to lestaurtinib

Identification of Gene Expression Patterns in Diagnostic Infant Leukemia Samples That Correlate With Survival Outcomes

Identification of Gene Expression Patterns in Diagnostic Infant Leukemia Samples That Correlate With PIA Values

EFS time is defined as time from treatment assignment to first event (relapse, second malignant neoplasm, death) or date of last contact for patients who are event-free. EFS is constructed using the Kaplan-Meier life table method with confidence interval based on standard errors computed using the method of Peto and Peto.

Inclusion Criteria: Patients must be enrolled on a Children's Oncology Group (COG) ALL Classification Study (AALL08B1) prior to enrollment on AALL0631 Patients must be < 366 days of age at the time of diagnosis; for neonates in the first month of life, patients must be > 36 weeks gestational age at the time of diagnosis Patients must be newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL); patients with T-cell ALL are eligible; patients with bilineage or biphenotypic acute leukemia are eligible, provided the morphology and immunophenotype are predominately lymphoid Patients must be previously untreated with the exception of steroids and intrathecal chemotherapy; no other systemic chemotherapy may have been administered; patients receiving prior steroid therapy are eligible for study; any amount of steroid pretreatment will not affect initial induction assignment as long as the patient meets all other eligibility criteria; IT chemotherapy per protocol is allowed for patient convenience at the time of the diagnostic bone marrow or venous line placement to avoid second lumbar puncture; (note: the central nervous system [CNS] status must be determined based on a sample obtained prior to administration of any systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy, except for steroid pretreatment); systemic chemotherapy must begin within 72 hours of this IT therapy All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent All institutional, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met Patients with mature B-cell ALL or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) are NOT eligible Patients with Down syndrome are NOT eligible

Loftus JP, Yahiaoui A, Brown PA, Niswander LM, Bagashev A, Wang M, Schauf A, Tannheimer S, Tasian SK. Combinatorial efficacy of entospletinib and chemotherapy in patient-derived xenograft models of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2021 Apr 1;106(4):1067-1078. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2019.241729.