Determination of a Dose-dependent Effect of GOS on Iron Absorption, and Addition of Vitamin C (Fe_GOS_2)
Iron-deficiency
About this trial
This is an interventional prevention trial for Iron-deficiency focused on measuring iron-deficiency, prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Female, 18 to 45 years old
- SF levels <30 µg/L
- Normal body Mass Index (18.5-24.9 kg/m2)
- Body weight <70 kg
- Signed informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
- Severe anaemia (Hb < 80 g/L)
- Elevated CRP >10.0 mg/L
- Any metabolic, gastrointestinal kidney or chronic disease such as diabetes, renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, hepatitis, hypertension, cancer or cardiovascular diseases (according to the participants own statement)
- Continuous/long-term use of medication during the whole studies (except for contraceptives)
- Consumption of mineral and vitamin supplements within 2 weeks prior to 1st supplement administration, including pre- and-or probiotics supplements (excluding foods and beverages with life cultures such as yoghurt, raw milk cheese and kombucha)
- Blood transfusion, blood donation or significant blood loss (accident, surgery) over the past 4 months
- Difficulties with blood sampling
- Use of antibiotics over the past month
- Known hypersensitivity to iron supplements in the given amount, GOS, or lactose
- Women who are pregnant or breast feeding
- Women who intend become pregnant during the course of the study
- Lack of safe contraception, defined as: Female participants of childbearing potential, not using and not willing to continue using a medically reliable method of contraception for the entire study duration, such as oral, inject-able, or implantable contraceptives, or intrauterine contraceptive devices, or who are not using any other method considered sufficiently reliable by the investigator in individual cases
- Known or suspected non-compliance, drug or alcohol (more than 2 drinks/day) abuse -
- Smokers (> 1 cigarette per week)
- Inability to follow the procedures of the study, e.g. due to language problems, self-- reported psychological disorders, etc. of the participant
- Enrollment of the investigator, his/her family members, employees and other dependent persons
Sites / Locations
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, ETH Zurich
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm 3
Arm 4
Arm 5
Arm 6
Arm 7
Arm 8
Arm 9
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
ferrous fumarate
ferrous sulphate
ferric pyrophosphate
ferrous fumarate + 3.5 g GOS
ferrous fumarate + 7 g GOS
ferrous sulphate + 15 g GOS
ferrous fumarate + Vitamin C
ferric pyrophosphate + 15 g GOS
ferrous fumarate + 7 g GOS + Vitamin C
labelled iron as ferrous fumarate
labelled iron as ferrous sulphate
labelled iron as ferric pyrophosphate
labelled iron as ferrous fumarate + prebiotics in the form of 3.5 g GOS
labelled iron as ferrous fumarate + prebiotics in the form of 7 g GOS
labelled iron as ferrous sulphate + prebiotics in the form of 15 g GOS
labelled iron as ferrous fumarate + Vitamin C
labelled iron as ferric pyrophosphate + prebiotics in the form of 15 g GOS
labelled iron as ferrous fumarate + prebiotics in the form of 7 g GOS + Vitamin C