Determination of the Effectiveness of Certain Physical Methods in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis (BFBOA)

Determination of the Effectiveness of Certain Physical Methods in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis

Comparison of Efficacy of Biofeedback, Electrical Stimulation and Therapeutic Exercise in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease that involves the entire joint, causing cartilage damage, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation and loss of normal joint function. Knee OA is one of the leading causes of disability in the world and thus represents a major public health problem. Knee OA treatment can be operative and non-operative. Non-operative treatment includes pharmacological treatment, changing life style and physical therapy. The goal of physical therapy in knee OA is to reduce pain and improve knee function through therapeutic exercise, especially by strengthening the quadriceps muscle. In addition to therapeutic exercise, muscle electrical stimulation is often used, and in the literature there is evidence of biofeedback therapy efficacy. Goal of the study is to investigate whether there is a difference in pain reduction, increase in quadriceps muscle strength, and improvement in knee function in patients who had only kinesitherapy, from those who underwent kinesitherapy and biofeedback, and in patients who received electrical stimulation of quadriceps muscle with kinesitherapy. 93 patients with knee OA according to ACR criteria and Kellgren and Lawrence radiological classification grades 1 and 2 will be included in study. Subjects will complete: Visually Analogous Pain Scale (VAS), Western Ontario Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), 36 Item Short Form Health Survey (SF 36), International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) osteoarthritis core set, and quadriceps muscle strength will be measured by EMG biofeedback device.

The research will be conducted in the Department of Orthopedic surgery of the Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb. The research will be prospective, randomized, single blinded. Randomization of patients will be performed before physical therapy using web site www.randomization.com, and the results of the randomization will be known to the physician who will not be directly involved in the treatment or examination of patients. All patients will sign informed consent before the study begins. Research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb and Ethics committee of the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb. Inclusion criteria are: patients age 55 years and older who have knee OA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR) and knee OA according to Kellgren and Lawrence Radiology Classification Grade 1 and 2, and who report knee pain for at least 3 months. Exclusion criteria are: patients who had surgery on that knee, patients with a pacemaker, and metallic foreign body in the area of muscle stimulation, patients with thrombophlebitis and deep vein thrombosis, patients with skin infection, malignancy, bleeding disorders, patients with neurological disease, patients with inflammatory rheumatological disease, with congenital and acquired knee deformities, with contractures of the hips and ankles, with grade 3 and 4 osteoarthritis according to Kellgren and Lawrence classification, patients who received intraarticular knee injection in the last 3 months and patients with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis. The investigators will record: age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, leg length and use of orthopedics aids. Clinical examination will be performed on the first day, day 21, after 90 and after 180 days. At each examination patients will complete following questionnaires: Visually Analog Scale for pain (VAS), Western Ontario Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), 36 Item Short Form Health Survey (SF 36) and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) osteoarthritis core set. Quadriceps muscle strength will be measured with a Biofeedback therapy device (EMG Biofeedback, Myomed 632, United Kingdom, 2017) . Patients will be randomisen in three groups. Patients in the first group will be treated with individual kinesitherapy. Patients in the second group will be treated with individual kinesitherapy and biofeedback therapy for strengthening of the quadriceps muscle using EMG Biofeedback device, Myomed 632, United Kingdom, 2017. Patients in the third group will be treated with individual kinesitherapy together with electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle using electrostimulation device (BTL- 4000 Smart, United Kingdom, 2017). The required sample size was calculated based on pain values data reported in the study by Choi et al. Pain was measured using VAS scale, and sample size was calculated using G Power software package (v3.1.9.4). With the parameter of statistical significance level (alpha) of 0.05 and a test power (1 - beta) of 0.90, based on the data from the Choi et al work, the required final sample size is a total of 93 subjects and 31 subjects for each of the three groups. The investigators expect to find that kinesitherapy and biofeedback therapy are more efficient compared to kinesitherapy alone or and kinesitherapy and electrical stimulation in reducing pain, improving knee function and strengthening of the quadriceps muscle.

The research will be single-blind. Randomization of patients will be performed immediately prior to physical therapy using web page www.randomization.com, and the results of the randomization will be known to the physician who will not be directly involved in the treatment or examination of patients.

In control group subjects will undergo individual kinesitherapy- isometric exercise for strengthening of the quadriceps muscle.

Biofeedback group will perform physical therapy using biofeedback device for better activation control of the quadriceps muscle with audio and visual signal. They will also perform isometric exercise.

Electrical stimulation group will receive electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle and they will also perform isometric exercise.

Biofeedback is a mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions. Electrical stimulation is a technique used to elicit a muscle contraction using electrical impulses.

Electrical stimulation is a technique used to elicit a muscle contraction using electrical impulses. Electrodes, controlled by a unit, are placed on the skin over a predetermined area. Electrical current is then sent from the unit to the electrodes and delivered into the muscle causing a contraction.

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Impact of biofeedback therapy on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Impact of biofeedback therapy on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Impact of biofeedback therapy on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Determine whether the use of biofeedback for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on VAS scale. Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on VAS scale. Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on VAS scale. Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Impact of kinesitherpay on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Impact of kinesitherpay on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Impact of kinesitherpay on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Determine whether kinesitherapy for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Impact of electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle on knee pain measured on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

Determine whether electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on VAS scale. Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Impact of electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle on knee pain measured on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

Determine whether electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on VAS scale. Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Impact of electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle on knee pain measured on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

Determine whether electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening will change knee pain score measured on VAS scale. Change will be measured on VAS scale in millimeters, from 0 to 100 mm, a higher score indicates greater pain intensity.

Impact of electrical stimulation on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether the use of electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Impact of electrical stimulation on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether the use of electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Impact of electrical stimulation on knee function measured by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).

Determine whether the use of electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes knee function score measured by WOMAC questionnaire. Questionnaire consists 24 items divided into 3 subscales: Pain, Stifness and Physical Functioning. The scores for each subscale are summed up, with a possible score range of 0-20 for Pain, 0-8 for Stiffness, and 0-68 for Physical Function.The test questions are scored on a scale of 0-4 , from best to worse. Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Determine whether the use of electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Determine whether the use of electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Determine whether the use of electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle strengthening changes quadriceps muscle strength measured on EMG biofeedback device in micro volts during maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Inclusion Criteria: radiological evidence of primary OA with Grade 1 and 2 on the Kellgren-Lawrence Scale knee pain for 3 months knee osteoarthritis defined by American College of Rheumatology Criteria Exclusion Criteria: surgery on that knee pacemaker metallic foreign body in the area of stimulation thrombophlebitis and thrombosis skin infection malignancy, bleeding disorders neurological disease inflammatory rheumatology disease congenital and acquired knee deformities contracture of the hips and ankles grade 3 and 4 osteoarthritis om the Kellgren and Lawrence classification intraarticular injection in the last 3 months post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis

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