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Effect of Conventional Exercise and Tai Chi Exercise on College Students

Primary Purpose

Internet Addiction, Exercise, Tai Chi

Status
Completed
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
China
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Conventional Exercise and Tai Chi Exercise interventions
Sponsored by
Xueqing Zhang
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Internet Addiction

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - 22 Years (Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. participants were diagnosed with IAD according to the Internet Addiction Test;
  2. the physical activity level of participants was low;
  3. participants had no history of medication or psychotherapy.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. participants had a history of severe mental illness;
  2. participants had a history of drug addiction;
  3. participants regularly practiced moderate-intensity exercise.

Sites / Locations

  • Anhui Medical University

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm 3

Arm Type

Experimental

Experimental

No Intervention

Arm Label

conventional exercise group

tai chi exercise group

control group

Arm Description

Participants in the conventional exercise group attended an 8-week conventional exercise program, which consisted of the track, field, ball games et al. If the participant chooses to run, the mileage shall be more than 4km and the pace shall be within 10min. The conventional exercise treatment was performed 3 times a week, 1 hour each time.

Participants in the tai chi exercise group attended an 8-week Yang-style 24-form tai chi training program and tai chi (8 trigrams 5 steps) which was the tai chi style most commonly adopted and studied in the literature. The tai chi exercise treatment was performed 3 times a week, 1 hour each time.

Participants in the control group received no intervention and keep their eating and living habits.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Internet Addiction Test (IAT)
The IAT is composed of 20 items with a 5-point scale (1 = "very rarely", 5 = "very frequently"). IAT scores range from 20 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of IA. Scores over 50 indicated a tendency of IA.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)
The PSQI version used in the current study was a 19-item self-report retrospective questionnaire of the past 7 days designed to measure 7 domains called component scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction. Component scores range from 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty). PSQI scores range from 0 to 21. Scores over 7 indicated a tendency for a sleep disorder.
Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS)
The SDS is composed of 20 items with a 4-point scale (1 = "none or a little of the time", 4 = "most or all of the time"). A standardized scoring algorithm is used to define symptoms of depression, with a total score range of 20-80. The final index score was converted by multiplying the raw score by 1.25 and then rounding off decimal places. The severity of depression was categorized according to the index score: nil depression (index score < 50), mild depression (index score 50-59), moderate depression (index score 60-69), and severe depression (index score≥70).
Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)
The SAS is composed of 20 items with a 4-point scale (1 = "none or a little of the time", 4 = "most or all of the time"). A standardized scoring algorithm is used to define symptoms of anxiety, with a total score range of 20-80. The final index score was converted by multiplying the raw score by 1.25 and then rounding off decimal places. The severity of anxiety was categorized according to the index score: nil anxiety (index score < 50), mild anxiety (index score 50-59), moderate anxiety (index score 60-69), and severe anxiety (index score≥70).
Fatigue Scale-14 (FS-14)
The FS-14 consists of 14 items, each of which is a fatigue-related question. The maximum total score is 14, and the higher the score, the more severe the fatigue.

Full Information

First Posted
September 2, 2022
Last Updated
September 9, 2022
Sponsor
Xueqing Zhang
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05529368
Brief Title
Effect of Conventional Exercise and Tai Chi Exercise on College Students
Official Title
Effect of Conventional Exercise and Tai Chi Exercise in College Students With Internet Addiction: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
September 2022
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
February 4, 2022 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
June 3, 2022 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
June 10, 2022 (Actual)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor-Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
Xueqing Zhang

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is an impulse-control disorder of Internet behavior in the absence of addictive substances. Exercise has been found to have significant advantages in improving the severity and depressive symptoms of IAD. The purpose of this study was to observe the efficacy of conventional exercise and tai chi in the treatment of Internet addiction and to observe the changes in each group. Subjects diagnosed with IAD were randomly assigned to the exercise group, the tai chi group, or the control group. The exercise group and tai chi group received conventional exercise and tai chi for 8 weeks. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Fatigue Scale-14 (FS-14) were evaluated for all subjects at baseline and postintervention.
Detailed Description
Over the past decade, with the rapid growth and popularity of the Internet, Internet addiction (IA) has increased. Nowadays, Internet addiction disorder (IAD) has become a significant social problem, especially among teenagers and young adults. IAD is an impulse-control disorder of Internet behavior in the absence of addictive substances, its typical symptoms are involved, including tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, large amounts of time spent online, interruption of social relations, and disorder of the biological clock. Western scholars have developed interventions for Internet addiction based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Besides applying CBT treatment, Chinese psychologists also have developed trials to apply psychoanalytic group intervention, family therapy, sports exercise prescriptions, and Naikan therapy. Physical exercise (PE) interventions are known to facilitate cerebral blood and oxygen supply, enhance brain metabolism and neurotransmitter function and improve the balance of the nervous system, which in turn helps improve physical and mental adaptability. Active physical exercise is helpful to improve the symptoms of Internet addiction. Tai chi is a mind-body exercise that originated in China. It is a form of physical and mental training combining Chinese martial arts and meditative movements involving a series of slowly performed, continuous, and rhythmic movements that put a minimal impact on the joints of the body. This study aimed to validate the use of tai chi as an alternative approach to Internet addiction and compare the effectiveness of tai chi with conventional exercise. With both primary and secondary outcome measures, the effects of tai chi and exercise on Internet addiction can be more comprehensively analyzed, which will provide a basis for its future establishment as a non-pharmacological method for the treatment of Internet addiction.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Internet Addiction, Exercise, Tai Chi, Randomized Clinical Trial

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
Care ProviderInvestigatorOutcomes Assessor
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
93 (Actual)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
conventional exercise group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Participants in the conventional exercise group attended an 8-week conventional exercise program, which consisted of the track, field, ball games et al. If the participant chooses to run, the mileage shall be more than 4km and the pace shall be within 10min. The conventional exercise treatment was performed 3 times a week, 1 hour each time.
Arm Title
tai chi exercise group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Participants in the tai chi exercise group attended an 8-week Yang-style 24-form tai chi training program and tai chi (8 trigrams 5 steps) which was the tai chi style most commonly adopted and studied in the literature. The tai chi exercise treatment was performed 3 times a week, 1 hour each time.
Arm Title
control group
Arm Type
No Intervention
Arm Description
Participants in the control group received no intervention and keep their eating and living habits.
Intervention Type
Behavioral
Intervention Name(s)
Conventional Exercise and Tai Chi Exercise interventions
Intervention Description
Subjects diagnosed with IAD were randomly assigned to the exercise group, the tai chi group, or the control group. The exercise group and tai chi group received conventional exercise and tai chi for 8 weeks.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Internet Addiction Test (IAT)
Description
The IAT is composed of 20 items with a 5-point scale (1 = "very rarely", 5 = "very frequently"). IAT scores range from 20 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of IA. Scores over 50 indicated a tendency of IA.
Time Frame
2 months
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)
Description
The PSQI version used in the current study was a 19-item self-report retrospective questionnaire of the past 7 days designed to measure 7 domains called component scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction. Component scores range from 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty). PSQI scores range from 0 to 21. Scores over 7 indicated a tendency for a sleep disorder.
Time Frame
2 months
Title
Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS)
Description
The SDS is composed of 20 items with a 4-point scale (1 = "none or a little of the time", 4 = "most or all of the time"). A standardized scoring algorithm is used to define symptoms of depression, with a total score range of 20-80. The final index score was converted by multiplying the raw score by 1.25 and then rounding off decimal places. The severity of depression was categorized according to the index score: nil depression (index score < 50), mild depression (index score 50-59), moderate depression (index score 60-69), and severe depression (index score≥70).
Time Frame
2 months
Title
Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)
Description
The SAS is composed of 20 items with a 4-point scale (1 = "none or a little of the time", 4 = "most or all of the time"). A standardized scoring algorithm is used to define symptoms of anxiety, with a total score range of 20-80. The final index score was converted by multiplying the raw score by 1.25 and then rounding off decimal places. The severity of anxiety was categorized according to the index score: nil anxiety (index score < 50), mild anxiety (index score 50-59), moderate anxiety (index score 60-69), and severe anxiety (index score≥70).
Time Frame
2 months
Title
Fatigue Scale-14 (FS-14)
Description
The FS-14 consists of 14 items, each of which is a fatigue-related question. The maximum total score is 14, and the higher the score, the more severe the fatigue.
Time Frame
2 months

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
22 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: participants were diagnosed with IAD according to the Internet Addiction Test; the physical activity level of participants was low; participants had no history of medication or psychotherapy. Exclusion Criteria: participants had a history of severe mental illness; participants had a history of drug addiction; participants regularly practiced moderate-intensity exercise.
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Zhihua Zhang, professor
Organizational Affiliation
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Anhui Medical University
City
Hefei
State/Province
Anhui
ZIP/Postal Code
230032
Country
China

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
33738888
Citation
Li YY, Sun Y, Meng SQ, Bao YP, Cheng JL, Chang XW, Ran MS, Sun YK, Kosten T, Strang J, Lu L, Shi J. Internet Addiction Increases in the General Population During COVID-19: Evidence From China. Am J Addict. 2021 Jul;30(4):389-397. doi: 10.1111/ajad.13156. Epub 2021 Mar 19.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
2748771
Citation
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
30195124
Citation
Chan AWK, Chair SY, Lee DTF, Leung DYP, Sit JWH, Cheng HY, Taylor-Piliae RE. Tai Chi exercise is more effective than brisk walking in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults with hypertension: A randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018 Dec;88:44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.08.009. Epub 2018 Aug 24.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
32070137
Citation
Easwaran K, Gopalasingam Y, Green DD, Lach V, Melnyk JA, Wan C, Bartlett DJ. Effectiveness of Tai Chi for health promotion for adults with health conditions: a scoping review of Meta-analyses. Disabil Rehabil. 2021 Oct;43(21):2978-2989. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1725916. Epub 2020 Feb 18.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
34325579
Citation
He M, Yang S, Miao Y, Zhang W, Zhu D, Xu D. Four-week Tai Chi intervention decreases attention bias to drug cues in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021 Sep 3;47(5):638-648. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1950745. Epub 2021 Jul 30.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
10081212
Citation
Aaronson LS, Teel CS, Cassmeyer V, Neuberger GB, Pallikkathayil L, Pierce J, Press AN, Williams PD, Wingate A. Defining and measuring fatigue. Image J Nurs Sch. 1999;31(1):45-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00420.x.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
32670157
Citation
Li S, Wu Q, Tang C, Chen Z, Liu L. Exercise-Based Interventions for Internet Addiction: Neurobiological and Neuropsychological Evidence. Front Psychol. 2020 Jun 25;11:1296. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01296. eCollection 2020.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
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Citation
Young KS. Cognitive behavior therapy with Internet addicts: treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2007 Oct;10(5):671-9. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9971.
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ZUNG WW. A SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965 Jan;12:63-70. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008. No abstract available.
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Effect of Conventional Exercise and Tai Chi Exercise on College Students

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