Effect of VR vs Screens on Children's Dental Anxiety, Pain and Behavior

Comparative Evaluation of The Effect of Virtual Reality and Screen Programs on Children's Dental Anxiety, Pain and Behavior: A Randomized Cross-Over Clinical Trial

Virtual reality distraction is intended to reduce the pain experience by distracting the patient attention from the pain stimulating procedure. Then, it breaks the cycle of negative experiences by improving the dental experience. The study's aim is to compare the effect of virtual reality to the effect of screen programs on dental anxiety, pain and behavior at different time points among children undergoing dental treatment under local anesthesia. The null hypothesis assumes that virtual reality has no effect on reducing the children's pain or anxiety and there is no difference between virtual reality and screen programs in improving the children's behavior and dental experience. The study's design is a cross-over, split mouth trial in which each patient will have similar dental treatments on each side, but with different distraction techniques.

Most of dental procedures are accompanied by pain and discomfort which subsequently adversely affect the patient's cooperation and willingness to complete or undergo the procedures. This negative behavior compromises the efficiency and quality of the delivered dental treatment, to the extent that it may not be completed. Therefore, behavior management techniques have been introduced to the field of pediatric dentistry to effectively manage the child anxiety and improve the child's experience in dental office to establish a positive child-dentist relationship. The virtual reality (VR) is considered a behavior management technique as well as a distraction tool, as it modifies the child's attitude. Thus, it can be used in the dental practice to help the dentist to control the child during the treatment procedure. The study's design is a cross-over, split mouth trial in which the procedure is planned to be on three visits, as the following: baseline visit (v0) for diagnosis, examination and inclusion, first visit (v1) and second visit (v2) for treatment sessions. A follow up visit (v3) may be needed for younger patients who need space maintenance for the extraction site. allocated and randomized equally into two groups according to the intervention assigned in the first treatment session: Group I (virtual reality group) and Group II (screen program group). In both groups, children will be allowed to choose an animation or cartoon from a list pre-prepared by the investigator in order to watch a show of their own choice, to augment the effect of distraction. Both groups will be managed and operated by the same operator who is the research investigator. Treatments were completed in two separate sessions, two weeks apart as a washout period, to avoid any carry-over effect. Each patient will have two teeth extracted, one on each side, on two successive visits, with two weeks apart as a washout period. The required sample size was calculated using the IBMª SPSSª Sample Powerª version 3.0.1 (IBMª Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Subjects will be recruited from the outpatient clinic in Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public health Department. Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Egypt. Patients will be screened by the research investigator until the target population is achieved. The outcome data and results will be independently collected from each participant by the researcher, examined, organized and analyzed under the supervision of the assistant supervisor. Any missing data will be revised and handled with the best techniques according to the type of data missed. All data will be entered and stored on a secured personal computer in coded and password locked files. Backup of data on an external hard disc in order to prevent any data loss. Results will be statistically analyzed by using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS 26.0, IBM/SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). There are two types of statistical methods Descriptive statistics and Analytical or inferential statistics. In this study, no data monitoring committee will be needed since it is a study with known minimal risks. The Main Supervisor will monitor this study. Auditing will be done by the main and co-supervisors to assure quality of the research methods, restorative technique and interventions.

The virtual reality device is a 3D head-mounted display which provides a wide field of view and a high-resolution visual display, the system consists of head mounted glasses, a compatible smartphone and headphones. This technology creates a computer stimulated virtual environment.

the screens shows such as cartoons, animation movies or recorded video games are used for distraction during dental treatments. They could be seen on tablets, iPads or LCD screen.

The virtual reality device is a 3D head-mounted display which provides a wide field of view and a high-resolution visual display, it has been used to manage cases of phobia and extreme fear through the use of exposure-based treatment programs. The virtual reality system consists of head mounted glasses, a compatible smartphone and headphones. This technology creates a computer stimulated virtual environment into which the child can be entirely immersed. It works to distract the brain from the painful procedure and reduce the perception of pain stimuli

the screens are used for distraction during dental treatments. they could be on tablets, iPads or televisions.

The scale consists of row of 5 photographs of a child showing 5 different faces ranging from happy to very unhappy. The child is asked to choose the face that looks like what they feel at the moment. The score is recorded by giving value of 1 to happy and value of 5 to very unhappy. The RMS-pictorial scale is chosen for simple and easy for the child to understand, has 2 sets of photographs for boys and for girls, which gives efficient evaluation of dental anxiety.

The dental anxiety is measured during same single visit. There is no follow up and no specific time duration for the visit. Pre-operative anxiety: before administration of local anesthesia and Post-operative anxiety: after dental extraction.

Inclusion Criteria: Children between 5-7 years old age. Both genders. First dental visit Positive and definitely positive behavior according to Frankel behavior scale. Two or more badly decayed primary maxillary first molars beyond repair and need to be extracted. Systemically and mentally healthy. Exclusion Criteria: History of systemic or mental conditions. Special health care needs who require pharmacological management prior to dental treatment. Acute dental pain or trauma. Extremely uncooperative children who require being treated under general anesthesia, negative and definitely negative according to Frankel behavior scale

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