Effectiveness of a Pain Neuroscience Education Program in Adults With Cancer Pain

The Effectiveness of a Pain Neuroscience Education Program Compared to Conventional Treatment on Pain, Biopsychosocial Variables, and Functional Capacity in Adults With Cancer Pain

IASP defines "pain" as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage". In some patients, pain is one of the reasons they initially consult a doctor and will be strongly related to cancer itself, is connected to receiving the cancer diagnosis, and therefore may become an uncertain threat of disease recurrence in cancer survivors. Neuropathic pain is the most prevalent type of pain, but a mixed type of pain is also common, reflecting the complexity of the pain experience. There is increasing evidence in oncology that quality of life and survival are linked to early and effective palliative care, including pain management. Although improvements have been seen, undertreatment of pain remains a problem in a significant subset of cancer patients. Regarding the interventional options in cancer pain, multiple possibilities range from pharmacological modulation, the use of modalities or physical means, as well as the practice of physical exercise as a mechanism of pain modulation, which has been established according to the background grade of recommendation. Regarding education in neuroscience, this has gained momentum in chronic pain since previous interventions have generated recommendations to include neurocognitive interventions in pain processes. Therefore, it seeks to determine the effectiveness of a neuroscience education program compared to conventional treatment in adults with cancer pain in biopsychosocial variables.

A parallel group randomized controlled clinical trial will be conducted during the months of November 2022 to December 2023. The proposed research will be a quantitative experimental design type controlled clinical trial following the SPIRIT guidelines for clinical trial protocols and CONSORT for the execution of clinical trials. A total of 80 patients, where 40 will be assigned to (PNE) and 40 to conventional management. experimental group: based on education in neuroscience of pain for 9 sessions in a period of 10 weeks. Work will be done to prepare the content for an adapted and illustrated guide as a complementary material for patients. An expert judgment test will be carried out to validate the content of the material. Each patient must complete at least 8 sessions to comply with the protocol. These sessions will be personalized and will include the guide as complementary material for each session. This group remains with pharmacological treatment and the usual guidelines given by the doctor. Results will be assessed at baseline (t1) and at week 10 (t2). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to their participation.

This consists of generating elements from neurobiology and neurophysiology for the understanding of pain from the development of metaphors.

PNE sessions will be led by an experienced physical therapist certified in PNE in 35-minute face-to-face group sessions. Here elements of the neurophysiology of pain are addressed, as well as the different psychosocial dimensions that influence it. The distribution of themes will be carried out as follows: Week One: Coping with Pain. Week 2: Pain and Cognition Week 3: Your security system Week 4: Altered Alarm System (extra sensitive). Week 5: The defense system is in distress. Week 6: Fatigue, anxiety, and stress Week 7: Current Models of Treatment Week 8: Achievements and goals Week 9: Pain emphasis and differentiation This group remains with pharmacological treatment and the usual guidelines given by the doctor.

This group will only have pharmacological treatment and the usual guidelines given by the doctor. Without educational intervention.

The BPI or brief pain questionnaire is a self-administered questionnaire that contains two dimensions: one related to the intensity of pain and the impact of pain on the activities of the patient's life. Its use has increased in the evaluation of patients with cancer pain. The patient is asked to rate their worst, least, average, and current pain intensity, list current treatments and their perceived effectiveness, and rate the degree that pain interferes with general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other persons, sleep, and enjoyment of life on a 10 point scale. the higher the score, the greater the severity of the pain.

The severity of the pain at rest was assessed on a 10 cm visual analog scale (Total score: 0-10)(0=no pain, 10=severe pain) Higher scores mean a worse outcome.

Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a scale used to detect patients with symptoms associated with central sensitization or types of central sensitization syndrome such as fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint disease, tension type headache, migraine. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) consists of two parts: Part A consists of 25 questions about central sensitization syndrome (CNS) symptoms; Section B examines the patient's condition of being diagnosed with certain CNS diseases or CNS related diseases such as anxiety and depression. The patient answers 25 questions in section A with a score between 0 and 4. The total score will be between 0-100. Results above 40 points indicate central sensitization.

The PCS is measured with a self-administered questionnaire. Is a 13-item inventory that measures 3 elements of the perception of the intensity of pain (rumination, magnification, feeling helpless). Participants indicate the degree to which they agree with statements related their pain by selecting 0 = not at all, 1 = to a slight degree, 2 = to a moderate degree, 3 = to a great degree, 4 = all the time. There are three subscale scores assessing rumination, magnification and helplessness. All subscales are summed to produce a total score ranging from 0 to 52 with higher scores indicating the participant is having more thoughts about the pain they feel helplessness. All subscales are summed to produce a total score ranging from 0 to 52 with higher scores indicating the participant is having more thoughts about the pain they feel.

TSK-11 is used to assess fear of pain and movement. It consists of 11 items, which are answered on a Likert scale of 4 points. Total scores of each scale range from 11 to 44, where higher scores indicate a greater fear of pain and movement.

Beck Depression Criterion (BDI) is a commonly used evaluation criterion for diagnosis and follow-up parameters in assessing depression status.It contains 21 categories to measure physical, emotional, cognitive and motivational symptoms such as hopelessness, irritability, guilt, feeling of punishment, fatigue, and weight loss in each depression, and each category is scored between 0-3. The patient is asked to mark the most appropriate one for the four options in each category. Scoring progressively increases from the absence of symptoms to severe symptoms. 0-10 points: No depression, 11-17 points: Mild depression, 18-23 points: Moderate depression, 24 and above points: Severe depression.

We will work with the DN4 scale that evaluates 4 questions with a possibility of being qualified up to 10 points to determine the presence of neuropathic pain.

It is made up of 19 items and eight cognitive domains that assess skills such as visuospatial/executive, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. a maximum score of 30, with the cut-off points for cognitive impairment being 25/26.

has been defined as the way in which the individual perceives his/her place in life, The standard model consists of 14 domains and an empirical solution with five domains (physical, psychological, frailty, socioeconomic, and global score). This widely used questionnaire consists of five functional scales (physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social function), a global quality of life (QoL) scale, three symptom scales (fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and pain), and six individual. items (loss of appetite, diarrhea, dyspnea, constipation, insomnia, economic impact). For the functional and global quality of life scales, a higher score indicates better health. For the symptom scales, a higher score indicates a higher symptom burden.

This is one of the most reliable tests to define the quality of sleep and its disorders. It contains a total of 19 questions, grouped into 10 questions. The questions are combined to form seven areas with their corresponding score, each one of which shows a range between 0 and 3 points.

It is performed to determine exercise tolerance and specify functional status. This evaluates the number of meters traveled during the last 6 minutes.

It is a marker of nutritional status and a marker of morbidity and mortality of the pathology. It will be measured with a dynamometer to establish the grip strength value in kilograms.

This test has been developed, finding that it has been a predictor of falls and as a measure of functional capacity. n this test, the participant starts in a chair, stands up, runs three meters, and sits down again. The time of the execution of the test is taken.

Inclusion Criteria: Patients with a life expectancy of more than three months (Karnofski Scales (KPS), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Scale (ECOG), survival prognosis PAP score, Palliative Prognosis Index PPI). Acceptance of informed consent. Educational level (high school diploma). No pain hospitalizations in the previous month Capable of establishing a team communication process at least 21 points on the MOCA scale for preserved cognitive function Understanding of the Spanish language. Exclusion Criteria: Surgery scheduled within the next three months Visual and auditory sensory system deficiency (deafness or blindness). The presence of a recent traumatic injury Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias that are uncontrolled. Aortic aneurysm dissection Aortic stenosis severe Endocarditis or pericarditis that is acute Uncontrollable hypertension Thromboembolic disease, acute. Acute severe heart failure Acute severe respiratory failure Fracture within the last month

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