Effectiveness of Point-of-use Water Treatment Technologies to Prevent Stunting Among Children in South Africa
Diarrhoea;Infectious;Presumed, Diarrhea, Infantile, Diarrhea Tropical
About this trial
This is an interventional prevention trial for Diarrhoea;Infectious;Presumed focused on measuring water treatment
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Mother is in third trimester of pregnancy or there is at least one child under 3 years of age in the household
- The child's caregiver is at least 16 years of age
Exclusion Criteria:
- The household has chlorinated water piped into the home or routinely delivered (via truck or diversion) to a permanent, engineered system that stores the water within the property
- The household currently uses a ceramic filter or other commercial water treatment technology (including a permanent, engineered system that treats the water through filtration and/or chlorination)
- The household has plans to move outside the community in the next 6 months
- The youngest child under 3 years of age is seriously ill (has a severe disease requiring prolonged hospitalization or a severe or chronic condition diagnosed by medical doctor, e.g. neonatal disease, renal disease, chronic heart failure, liver disease, cystic fibrosis, congenital conditions)
Sites / Locations
- University of Venda
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm 3
Arm 4
Experimental
Active Comparator
Active Comparator
No Intervention
MadiDrop (ceramic tablet)
Silver-impregnated ceramic water filter
Safe-storage water container
No intervention
Households receive a MadiDrop (silver-impregnated ceramic tablet) in a safe-storage water container to use for all drinking water needs in the household. MadiDrops are replaced every 6 months over the 2-year intervention study period. In July 2017, all households in the MadiDrop arm were crossed over to the ceramic water filter arm due to inconsistent silver release from the ceramic tablets.
Households receive a silver-impregnated ceramic filter in a safe-storage water container to use for all drinking water needs in the household. Filters are replaced at the end of the 2-year intervention study period. In December 2017, all silver-impregnated ceramic water filters were replaced with the same ceramic filters without silver due to continued inconsistencies with silver release.
Households receive a safe-storage water container alone to use for all drinking water needs in the household.
Households are encouraged to continue their usual water treatment practices.