Effectiveness of Radial Pressure Waves Therapy in the Treatment of Non-Specific Neck Pain (rPWT) (rPWT)

Effectiveness of the Application of Radial Pressure Waves Together With a Manual Therapy Protocol and Therapeutic Exercise in the Treatment of Non-Specific Neck Pain: a Randomized Clinical Trial

The present study aims to know the effectiveness of radial pressure wave therapy in the treatment of people with nonspecific neck pain. The study hypothesis is that including radial pressure wave therapy in a protocol based on manual therapy and therapeutic exercise is more effective than the protocol alone for the treatment of nonspecific neck pain. Participants will be randomly assigned into 2 groups, one will be applied only the manual therapy and exercise protocol and the other the same protocol, plus shock wave therapy. Data related to the pathology will be collected and compared between the two groups to determine which treatment is more effective.

Nonspecific neck pain is one of the main reasons for outpatient physiotherapy consultation and, due to its multifactorial origin, there are numerous approaches without a consensus on the effectiveness of the different treatments. The most recent systematic reviews show significant evidence about the efficacy of the combination of Manual Therapy (MT) and exercise on pain, muscle elasticity, posture, and functionality in patients suffering from neck pain. During muscle evaluation, it is common to find painful pressure points that are not spontaneously. These asymptomatic areas, painful when pressed, appear as areas with loss of elasticity, when evaluated with quantitative elastography (shear wave), which influences their contractile capacity and their ability to develop strength, together with the inhibition caused by the pain. The accumulation of cytotoxic and nociceptive substances, derived from the excess activity, could be the cause of the shortening of muscle fibers, so an increase in vascularity could help improve their drainage and normalize their elasticity and functionality. Radial shock waves have been shown to be effective in angiogenesis, increasing vascularity and oxygen saturation of treated areas, so it could be a useful tool to help solve this problem. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of radial shock waves to locate and treat the areas of loss of elasticity, found during muscle evaluation, combined with a MT and exercise protocol, compared to the manual therapy and exercise protocol itself. To do this, participants will be randomly assigned into 2 groups, one will be applied only the manual therapy and exercise protocol and the other the same protocol, plus shock wave therapy. The data collected will be compared between the two groups. An intention-to-treat statistical analysis will be performed. Objective: To determine the influence of the application of radial pressure waves together with the usual Physiotherapy treatment on the elasticity of muscle tissue, pain, the amplitude and harmony of cervical movements, strength, and quality of life in people with nonspecific neck pain Methods: The research will begin at the end of February 2021 and will be carried out in the biomechanics and movement analysis laboratory of the San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Comillas Pontifical University, and at the Cimeg Madrid facilities. A preliminary pilot study will be carried out with 10 volunteers with nonspecific neck pain, in order to calculate the sample size appropriate to the proposed objectives. Participants will be randomly assigned using sealed envelopes to one of the two groups. Group 1 will perform a conventional treatment protocol of physical therapy based on manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, for 4 weeks. Participants will go to the facilities, once a week, to get 1 session of manual therapy treatment, based on the Maitland Concept, on the cervical and thoracic spine. Besides this, they will perform 3 sessions a week of home-based cervical therapeutic exercise. Group 2 will perform the same treatment protocol as Group 1, and in addition, will get a radial pressure waves session in the pressure sore spots, found in the muscle evaluation. Muscle Elasticity, Pain Pressure Threshold, Cervical Pain, Active Range of Motion, the harmony of movement, Shoulder lift strength, Quality of life, Disability, and Kinesiophobia will be measured before and after treatment (at 4 weeks), at one month, and at three months after the start of the study. while demographic variables (Number of sore spots, Age, Sex, Dominance, Height, Weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Educational level, Work Activity, and Sports Activity) will only be measured at the baseline. .

Neck pain, Pain, Radial pressure waves, Elastography, Shear Wave, Physiotherapy, Exercise, Intervention

Combination of the usual physiotherapy treatment with the application of radial pressure waves compared with a control group in which only the usual treatment, in people with non-specific neck pain, will be applied. During the first month, the participants will perform 3 weekly sessions of home-based cervical therapeutic exercise and will come to the facilities, once a week, to get a manual therapy session based on the Maitland Concept (15 minutes of posteroanterior mobilizations in the restricted and/or painful vertebrae of the cervical and thoracic spine). Besides this participants of the experimental group will receive a radial pressure waves treatment sessión. Experimental Group: Home-based cervical therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, and radial pressure waves.

Combination of the usual physiotherapy treatment with the application of radial pressure waves compared with a control group in which only the usual treatment, in people with non-specific neck pain, will be applied. During the first month, the participants will perform 3 weekly sessions of home-based cervical therapeutic exercise and will come to the facilities, once a week, to get a manual therapy session based on the Maitland Concept (15 minutes of posteroanterior mobilizations in the restricted and/or painful vertebrae of the cervical and thoracic spine). Besides this participants of the experimental group will receive a radial pressure waves treatment sessión. Control Group: Home-based cervical therapeutic exercise and manual therapy.

Using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for acute pain The VAS measures pain intensity with maximum reproducibility among observers. It consists of a horizontal line of 10 centimeters, at the ends of which are the extreme expressions of a symptom. In the left is the absence or less intensity and in the right the greater intensity. The patient is asked to mark on the line the point that indicates the intensity and it is measured with a millimeter ruler. Reliability (ICC = 0.96-0.98)

Using the inertial sensor EBI 5.0 (ON) Biomedic. that provides information on the amplitude, speed, and acceleration of movements It is measured in degrees

Using the inertial sensor EBI 5.0 (ON) Biomedic, that provides information on the amplitude, speed, and acceleration of movements. Jerk is a magnitude that measures the changes in acceleration during a movement, that is, the derivative of velocity with respect to time. For an angular movement, it is measured in (degrees/second^3)

Using Linear Encoder Chronojump The changes in the force that participants perform when lifting the shoulder will be measured, with the linear encoder in Newtons (N). Linear encoders are dynamometric devices that directly and continuously record the distance traveled and the movement time of a known external load, which therefore allows, through calculations, to obtain variables such as power and mechanical work, force or speed. Reliability: Pearson's correlation of all variables compared with the Biopac system (reference value) (≥0.94)

Using SF-12 questionnaire. The SF-12 questionnaire (Spanish version) is a validated instrument to measure the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of people. It consists of 12 items that collect measures on the functional and emotional state of the individual. When completing the questionnaire, the participant will obtain a value about their health between 1 and 5, where 1 is very good and 5 is bad. Reliability in all dimensions (Cronbach α ≥0.70)

Using Neck disability index (NDI) questionnaire. The Cervical Disability Index (NDI) is a 10-item questionnaire that measures disability related to neck pain reported by the patient. It offers 6 possible answers that represent 6 progressive levels of functional capacity and is scored from 0 to 5. The total score is expressed in percentage terms with respect to the maximum possible. The NDI is the most widely used questionnaire for neck pain. The NDI has been shown to be valid when compared to other measures of pain and disability. Reliability in all dimensions (Cronbach α = 0.944), intraclass correlation (0.98)

Change in Kinesiophobia assessed by the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11) questionnaire (Spanish version)

Using Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11) questionnaire (Spanish version). The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) is one of the most widely used measures to assess pain-related fear in patients with pain. TSK is composed of 11 items, with a score range between 1 and 4, as follows: (1) Totally disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Agree, (4) Totally agree. The total score of the scale range from 11- 44, where 11 means no kinesiophobia, 44 means severe kinesiophobia, and score ± 23 indicates there is kinesiophobia. Fiabilidad en todas las dimensiones (Cronbach α= 0.79), test-retest (ICC=0.81)

The variable "number of painful sore spots" in the assessed muscles, will be recorded in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables.

The variable "age" of the participants will be recorded in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables.

The variable "gender" of the participants will be recorded in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables. Male/Female

The variable "dominance" of the participants will be recorded in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables. Right/Left

The variable "Height" of the participants will be recorded, in centimeters, in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables.

The variable "Weight" of the participants will be recorded, in kilograms, in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables.

The variable "Educational level" of the participants will be recorded, using a shelf-completed registration document, in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables.

The variable "Work Activity" of the participants will be recorded, using a shelf-completed registration document, in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables.

The variable "BMI" of the participants will be recorded, using a BMI calculator that combines the weight and height of the participants, in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables.

The variable "Sports Activity" of the participants will be recorded, using the RAPA-1 test, in order to establish correlations with the dependent variables. RAPA-1 test is composed of 7 items related to the level of physical activity of the participants, with a score range between 1 and 7, as follows: (1) Sedentary (2-3) Not very active, (4-5) Moderately active, (6-7) active.

Inclusion Criteria: Non-Specific Neck Pain (NSNP) Age between 18 and 59 years, Exclusion Criteria: Previous spine surgery. Neurological pathology. Rheumatoid arthritis. Fibromyalgia. Vertebral fractures or fissures. Radiculopathies. Neurogenic pain. History of cervical trauma. Congenital spinal anomalies. Wear a cardiac pacemaker. Currently receiving physiotherapy treatment in the same body area where the study is carried out. Currently being treated with anticoagulants or antiaggregants. Have an infectious or neoplastic nucleus close to the body area under study.

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