Effectiveness of Three Different Mouthrinses in Dental Plaque Control and Early Wound Healing
Primary Purpose
Periodontitis, Wound Healing
Status
Completed
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Alcohol-based Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
Alcohol-free Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
C31G
Sponsored by
About this trial
This is an interventional supportive care trial for Periodontitis focused on measuring chlorhexidine, alcohol, C31G, Mouthrinses, Early postsurgical wound healing
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients in need of periodontal pocket elimination / reduction or surgical crown lengthening with or without osseous surgery in one of the following regions: #13-15 or #23-25 or #33-35 or #43-45.
- In cases of pocket elimination / reduction, at least two teeth with ≥ 1 residual periodontal pocket ≥ 5mm and bleeding on probing was mandatory.
- Width of keratinized tissues ≥ 2mm around teeth included in the operated area.
- Cause - related therapy should be completed ≥ 6 weeks before surgical procedure.
- Plaque Index (O'Leary et al. 1972) < 25% and Gingival Bleeding Index (Ainamo and Bay 1975) < 25% in whole dentition should be achieved.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 (HbA1c > 7%).
- Smoking > 20 cigarettes/day.
- Systemic antimicrobial therapy the last 3 months before the surgical procedure.
- Steroidal or/and non - steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy the last 15 days.
- Immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive drug therapy.
- History or current chemotherapy or/and radiation therapy.
- Oral bisphosphonates intake > 3 years or intravenous bisphosphonates therapy.
- Pregnancy or/and breastfeeding.
- Need for osseous graft and/or membrane or any other regenerative material application.
- Furcation involvement of first maxillary premolars and furcation involvement > class I at the mesial entrance of first maxillary molars.
- Missing teeth, fixed partial dentures, removable dentures or orthodontic brackets in the candidate regions for periodontal surgery.
Sites / Locations
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm 3
Arm Type
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Arm Label
C31G (Group A)
Alcohol-free Chlorhexidine (Group B)
Alcohol-based Chlorhexidine (Group C)
Arm Description
C31G
Alcohol-free Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
Alcohol-based Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
Outcomes
Primary Outcome Measures
Assessment of Periodontal Soft Tissue Healing Progress Between Baseline (Immediately After Surgery), 7 and 14 Days Postoperatively (Evaluated by Early Wound Healing Index - EHI)
EHI measurements range between 1-5:
= Complete flap closure-no fibrin line in interproximal area.
= Complete flap closure-fibrin line in interproximal area.
= Complete flap closure-fibrin clot in the interproximal area.
= Incomplete flap closure-partial necrosis of interproximal tissue.
= Incomplete flap closure-complete necrosis of the interproximal tissue.
Secondary Outcome Measures
Plaque Index (PI)
PI measurements range between 0-3:
0 = No plaque
= A film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent area of the tooth. The plaque may be seen in situ only after application of disclosing solution or by using the probe on the tooth surface.
= Moderate accumulation of soft deposits on the tooth and gingival margin which can be seen with the naked eye.
= Abundance of soft matter on the tooth and gingival margin.
Plaque Area Index (PA%)
Assessment of the accumulation of dental plaque at buccal tooth surfaces between baseline (immediately before surgery), 7 and 14 days postoperatively. PA% referred at the percentage of the total buccal surface area of the included teeth covered by dental plaque. PA% values range between 0-100%
Full Information
NCT ID
NCT03119831
First Posted
April 9, 2017
Last Updated
July 23, 2017
Sponsor
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
1. Study Identification
Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT03119831
Brief Title
Effectiveness of Three Different Mouthrinses in Dental Plaque Control and Early Wound Healing
Official Title
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial on the Effectiveness of Three Different Mouthrinses, Adjunct to Periodontal Surgery, in Dental Plaque Control and Early Wound Healing
Study Type
Interventional
2. Study Status
Record Verification Date
July 2017
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
November 2015 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
July 2016 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
July 2016 (Actual)
3. Sponsor/Collaborators
Responsible Party, by Official Title
Principal Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
4. Oversight
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
5. Study Description
Brief Summary
Aim: This study compared the effectiveness of three different mouthrinses (alcohol and non-alcohol chlorhexidine, alkyl dimethyl glycine / alkyl dimethyl amine oxide - C31G) in plaque control and early wound healing, postoperatively.
Materials and Methods: In this, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial 42 patients were allocated to three groups assigned to two weeks rinsing after periodontal surgery with C31G (group A), alcohol-free chlorhexidine 0.12% (group B) or alcohol-based chlorhexidine 0.12% (group C). At weeks 1 and 2, plaque and early wound healing indices were recorded. At day 14, total bacterial counts were estimated utilizing real - time qPCR. Statistics included linear and generalized linear mixed models.
Detailed Description
Materials and Methods
Patients' enrollment and all clinical procedures were conducted at the Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Clinical Procedures:
All surgical interventions were conducted by first and third year postgraduate residents. Supragingival debridement and polishing of the operated area was performed immediately before surgery. In cases of residual periodontal pocket elimination / reduction surgeries, intrasulcular incisions followed by papilla preservation incisions at interdental areas were applied. In crown lengthening cases, resective gingival incisions were applied in presence of sufficient width of keratinized tissues (≥ 3mm). Following flap elevation, root surfaces were thoroughly debrided with instruments and ultrasonic devices. Ostectomy / osteoplasty with carbide burs was applied, as deemed appropriate. Buccal and palatal / lingual flaps were fully adapted to each other and sutured together with monofilament slowly resorbable suture. Periodontal dressings were not used. No systemic antibiotics were prescribed. Ibuprofen 400mg, three times daily for 4 days, was suggested immediately after surgical intervention. Smokers were advised to cease smoking for the first postsurgical week. Sutures were removed at 7th postoperative day. During that period no accidental loss of sutures was recorded.
Randomization and allocation concealment:
Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups using a computerized assignment procedure (Random Sequence Generator, www.random.org) generated by the examiner A.G. Each subject was given an identical number between 1 and 42. Participants received bottles with one of the three solutions under investigation. Neither patients nor clinicians (surgeons and examiner A.G.) were informed about the identity of mouthrinse administered in each case (double - blind design). Masked bottles were given to participants by a third independent person who was not a dentist (member of Postgraduate Clinic's assistance staff).
Post - surgical maintenance protocol:
During the first 14 postoperative days, participants were instructed to rinse with 15ml of the administered solution for one minute, twice daily.
During the same period, subjects refrained from any mechanical plaque removal at the operated areas.
Intra-examiner reproducibility:
Prior to the beginning of the study, the examiner (A.G.) who performed the measurements was calibrated in order to establish intra - examiner reproducibility. Calibrations were performed with two subjects not included in the study. During post-operative maintenance using 0.12% chlorhexidine, at the 7th postsurgical day, early wound healing index (EHI) and plaque index (PI) were recorded on two separate occasions during the same day, however at least 8 hours apart. Intra-class correlation analysis was used to calculate intra-examiner agreement for repeated measurements. The calibration was accepted if both measurements were similar with a deviation of +/- 10% (intra-class correlation coefficient > 0.9).
Microbiological assessment:
Supragingival dental plaque pooled samples were collected at the 14th postoperative day from both interproximal tooth surfaces respectively to the interdental papilla with the highest EHI value, using curettes. Pooled samples were individually collected in 150μl TE buffer solution. Samples were stored at -80 until processing, which was performed at the Laboratory of Cell and Matrix Pathobiology at the Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research (N.C.S.R.), Athens, Greece. Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated and purified using the PureLink® Genomic DNA Μini Kit, following the Gram (+) bacterial cell lysis manufacturer's protocol. Purified DNA concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop 1000). Specimens were analyzed using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) in order to evaluate the total bacterial count in each pooled sample. qPCR was conducted with application of a set of universal primers (forward primer: 5' TCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGT 3' and reverse primer: 5' GGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTT 3', with an amplicon size of 466 base pairs), reported to detect DNA sequences of gene encoding for 16S ribosomal subunit of at least 50 different bacterial species (aerobic and anaerobic Gram positive and Gram negative) and SYBR Green Ι fluorescent probe. Serial dilutions of DNA extract of pure bacterial cultures of Escherichia coli were performed in order to generate a standard curve for the qPCR. Reactions were performed for 40 cycles at 94 °C for 30 sec, 58 °C for 45 sec and 72 °C for 10 min in a Light Cycler 96 qPCR Device. Results were analyzed using the Light Cycler 96 1.1 Software. Total bacterial count of each sample is expressed as total bacterial DNA mass (ng) and bacterial copy numbers (x106).
Sample size calculation:
Sample size was estimated through one-way ANOVA based calculations, assuming that the minimum clinically significant difference is one unit in median EHI values at 14 days between at least one pair of groups. 14 patients for each group were needed for 80% power achievement and for median differences detection in under evaluation parameters among the groups.
Statistical analysis:
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample are presented by group in tables containing absolute and relative (%) frequencies for categorical variables and medians and interquartile ranges (Median - IQR) for quantitative variables. Between groups differences in these characteristics were assessed through Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis tests for quantitative ones. The distributions of the indices of interest (Early wound healing index - EHI, Plaque index - PI, Plaque area index - PA%) were summarized through medians and IQRs.
Indices' data were analyzed through linear or generalized linear mixed models taking into account the potential correlations between multiple measurements taken on the same individual. In particular, for the analysis of EHI and PI, ordinal logistic regression models were used. For the PA% index, which was a proportion ranging from 0% to 100%, a linear model was used after a logit transformation of the dependent variable. Model selection, including checks for potential interaction effects, for the final multivariable models was based on likelihood ratio tests.
Total microbial count differences among groups or in relation to other sample characteristics were analyzed using linear regression model after log10 transformation. Results are presented as relative differences %.
P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using the statistical package Stata 13.1 (Stata Corp., USA).
6. Conditions and Keywords
Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Periodontitis, Wound Healing
Keywords
chlorhexidine, alcohol, C31G, Mouthrinses, Early postsurgical wound healing
7. Study Design
Primary Purpose
Supportive Care
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
ParticipantCare ProviderInvestigatorOutcomes Assessor
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
42 (Actual)
8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions
Arm Title
C31G (Group A)
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
C31G
Arm Title
Alcohol-free Chlorhexidine (Group B)
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Alcohol-free Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
Arm Title
Alcohol-based Chlorhexidine (Group C)
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Alcohol-based Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Alcohol-based Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
Intervention Description
Rinsing with 15ml for one minute twice daily for 14 days
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Alcohol-free Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12%
Intervention Description
Rinsing with 15ml for one minute twice daily for 14 days
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
C31G
Intervention Description
Rinsing with 15ml for one minute twice daily for 14 days
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Assessment of Periodontal Soft Tissue Healing Progress Between Baseline (Immediately After Surgery), 7 and 14 Days Postoperatively (Evaluated by Early Wound Healing Index - EHI)
Description
EHI measurements range between 1-5:
= Complete flap closure-no fibrin line in interproximal area.
= Complete flap closure-fibrin line in interproximal area.
= Complete flap closure-fibrin clot in the interproximal area.
= Incomplete flap closure-partial necrosis of interproximal tissue.
= Incomplete flap closure-complete necrosis of the interproximal tissue.
Time Frame
Early Wound Healing Index was recorded at the 7th and 14th postsurgical day
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Plaque Index (PI)
Description
PI measurements range between 0-3:
0 = No plaque
= A film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent area of the tooth. The plaque may be seen in situ only after application of disclosing solution or by using the probe on the tooth surface.
= Moderate accumulation of soft deposits on the tooth and gingival margin which can be seen with the naked eye.
= Abundance of soft matter on the tooth and gingival margin.
Time Frame
PI was recorded 14 days postoperatively
Title
Plaque Area Index (PA%)
Description
Assessment of the accumulation of dental plaque at buccal tooth surfaces between baseline (immediately before surgery), 7 and 14 days postoperatively. PA% referred at the percentage of the total buccal surface area of the included teeth covered by dental plaque. PA% values range between 0-100%
Time Frame
PA% was recorded at the 7th and 14th postoperative day
Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures:
Title
Total Bacterial Counts (TBC)
Description
Levels of bacterial counts, expressed in total bacterial DNA mass (ng) and total number of bacteria. TBC was evaluated by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Time Frame
Plaque samples were collected at the 14th postsurgical day.
10. Eligibility
Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
34 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
69 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
Patients in need of periodontal pocket elimination / reduction or surgical crown lengthening with or without osseous surgery in one of the following regions: #13-15 or #23-25 or #33-35 or #43-45.
In cases of pocket elimination / reduction, at least two teeth with ≥ 1 residual periodontal pocket ≥ 5mm and bleeding on probing was mandatory.
Width of keratinized tissues ≥ 2mm around teeth included in the operated area.
Cause - related therapy should be completed ≥ 6 weeks before surgical procedure.
Plaque Index (O'Leary et al. 1972) < 25% and Gingival Bleeding Index (Ainamo and Bay 1975) < 25% in whole dentition should be achieved.
Exclusion Criteria:
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 (HbA1c > 7%).
Smoking > 20 cigarettes/day.
Systemic antimicrobial therapy the last 3 months before the surgical procedure.
Steroidal or/and non - steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy the last 15 days.
Immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive drug therapy.
History or current chemotherapy or/and radiation therapy.
Oral bisphosphonates intake > 3 years or intravenous bisphosphonates therapy.
Pregnancy or/and breastfeeding.
Need for osseous graft and/or membrane or any other regenerative material application.
Furcation involvement of first maxillary premolars and furcation involvement > class I at the mesial entrance of first maxillary molars.
Missing teeth, fixed partial dentures, removable dentures or orthodontic brackets in the candidate regions for periodontal surgery.
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Phoebus N Madianos, Professor
Organizational Affiliation
Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Official's Role
Study Chair
12. IPD Sharing Statement
Learn more about this trial
Effectiveness of Three Different Mouthrinses in Dental Plaque Control and Early Wound Healing
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