Effects of Peppermint Oil in Cardiometabolic Outcomes

Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated diseases combined are the leading health burden and cause of mortality worldwide; therefore, the necessity for an intervention is paramount. Dietary interventions to improve cardiometabolic health are highly sought after as they possess less risk than pharmacological drugs. Previous non-randomized interventions have shown that oral peppermint may be beneficial in improving cardiometabolic outcomes. However, to date, no research has explored this using a placebo randomized intervention. Therefore, the primary purpose of the proposed investigation is to test the ability of oral peppermint oil supplementation to improve cardiometabolic parameters in healthy individuals.

Estimated daily calorie usage (Kcal) at rest - obtained using a metabolic cart through indirect calorimetry.

Estimated daily calorie usage (Kcal) at rest - obtained using a metabolic cart through indirect calorimetry.

Percent contribution of carbohydrate to daily calories - at rest - obtained using a metabolic cart through indirect calorimetry.

Percent contribution of carbohydrate to daily calories - at rest - obtained using a metabolic cart through indirect calorimetry.

Percent contribution of fats to daily calories - at rest - obtained using a metabolic cart through indirect calorimetry.

Percent contribution of fats to daily calories - at rest - obtained using a metabolic cart through indirect calorimetry.

Psychological wellbeing - The Coop-Wonka chart is a six item questionnaire with a 1-5 scoring system for each thus the chart has a maximum score of 30 which indicates the lowest possible psychological Wellbeing.

Psychological wellbeing - the Beck Depression Inventory is a 21 questionnaire with questions that range in scoring from 0-3, thus the maximum score is 63 which is the highest depression score possible.

Psychological wellbeing - The Coop-Wonka chart is a six item questionnaire with a 1-5 scoring system for each thus the chart has a maximum score of 30 which indicates the lowest possible psychological Wellbeing.

Psychological wellbeing - the Beck Depression Inventory is a 21 questionnaire with questions that range in scoring from 0-3, thus the maximum score is 63 which is the highest depression score possible.

Psychological wellbeing - the state trait anxiety inventory is a 40 item questionnaire with each question having a 1-4 score system, thus the maximum score is 80 which indicates the highest level of anxiety.

Psychological wellbeing - the state trait anxiety inventory is a 40 item questionnaire with each question having a 1-4 score system, thus the maximum score is 80 which indicates the highest level of anxiety.

Sleep quality - The Insomnia Severity Index is a brief instrument designed to assess the severity of both nighttime and daytime components of insomnia. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28.

Sleep quality - The Insomnia Severity Index is a brief instrument designed to assess the severity of both nighttime and daytime components of insomnia. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28.

Sleep quality - The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index, is a questionnaire that consists of 19 self-rated questions, grouped into 7 components. Each component is scored separately, weighted equally on a 0 - 3 scale and the scores of the 7 components are then added to give a global score, which has a range of 0 - 21 with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality.

Sleep quality - The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index, is a questionnaire that consists of 19 self-rated questions, grouped into 7 components. Each component is scored separately, weighted equally on a 0 - 3 scale and the scores of the 7 components are then added to give a global score, which has a range of 0 - 21 with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality.

Sleep quality - The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is a self-administered questionnaire with 8 questions. Respondents are asked to rate, on a 4-point scale (0-3) with a maximum score of 24.

Sleep quality - The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is a self-administered questionnaire with 8 questions. Respondents are asked to rate, on a 4-point scale (0-3) with a maximum score of 24.

Inclusion Criteria: Healthy Between 18 & 65 years Non-smoker BMI < 30 Able to give informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Pregnancy Diabetes or any other metabolic/ uncontrolled hypertensive conditions Food allergies to peppermint Habitual consumption of peppermint Not regularly taking medication or antioxidant supplements