Effects of Photobiomodulation in Children With Down Syndrome and Possible Sleep Bruxism
Primary Purpose
Sleep Bruxism
Status
Unknown status
Phase
Phase 1
Locations
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Low-level laser therapy
Sham treatment
Sponsored by
About this trial
This is an interventional treatment trial for Sleep Bruxism
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Down syndrome
- Four to 17 years of age
- Bruxism, based on parental reports of the occurrence of grinding the teeth, incisal and/or occlusal tooth wear following the criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the questionnaire for the evaluation of bruxism validated by Serra Negra et al. (2014) and a systematic review performed by Manfredini et al. (2013).
Exclusion Criteria:
- Use of muscle relaxant
- Temporomandibular disorder
- Undergoing other therapy for bruxism
- Other associated neurological diseases
- Cognitive deficit that impedes understanding the evaluations.
Sites / Locations
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm Type
Active Comparator
Sham Comparator
Arm Label
Group 1
Group 2
Arm Description
Treatment with low-level laser therapy.
Sham treatment (simulated laser therapy).
Outcomes
Primary Outcome Measures
Change in salivary cortisol
Cortisol will be measured from saliva samples. Non-stimulated saliva will be collected in the morning or afternoon with the participant fasting or at least two hours since the last meal. The participant will be seated comfortably in a well-ventilated environment with the head inclined slightly forward without swallowing to allow saliva to accumulate on the floor of the mouth. The saliva will be expelled for a period of five minutes into a funnel coupled to previously weighed tube partially immersed in crushed ice. Salivary flow will be calculated as mL/min. Two mL of saliva will be collected. The samples will be transported under refrigeration to the Cellular Culture and Research Lab of Nove de Julho University (Vergueiro campus) for centrifugation (5000 g, 5 min, 4°C) and storage at -80°C. The material will be discarded after use.
Secondary Outcome Measures
Change in salivary dopamine
Dopamine will be measured from saliva samples. Non-stimulated saliva will be collected in the morning or afternoon with the participant fasting or at least two hours since the last meal. The participant will be seated comfortably in a well-ventilated environment with the head inclined slightly forward without swallowing to allow saliva to accumulate on the floor of the mouth. The saliva will be expelled for a period of five minutes into a funnel coupled to previously weighed tube partially immersed in crushed ice. Salivary flow will be calculated as mL/min. Two mL of saliva will be collected. The samples will be transported under refrigeration to the Cellular Culture and Research Lab of Nove de Julho University (Vergueiro campus) for centrifugation (5000 g, 5 min, 4°C) and storage at -80°C. The material will be discarded after use.
Sensory evaluation/monofilaments
The sensory evaluation will be performed using the Semmes-Weinstein kit (Smiles®), which contains a set of six nylon monofilaments (esthesiometry) of the same length that exert pressure on the specific site of the skin tested. Each monofilament has a specific color and diameter: green (0.05 g), blue (0.2 g), violet (2 g), red (4 g), orange (10 g) and magenta (300 g) 16. The test will be performed on dermatomes. The score ranges from seven (green monofilament) to 1 (magenta monofilament).18
Head posture assessment
The clinical (visual) assessment of head posture will be performed using a posture grid. The participant will be instructed to stand with his/her natural posture. The natural balance of the head will be used to standardize the posture of each subject, who will be instructed to look forward with the gaze on the horizon. Semi-spherical polystyrene markers measuring 1.5 cm in diameter will be attached to the skin with double-sided adhesive tape at three anatomic points: the spiny process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7), the manubrium of the sternum (A1) and the mental protuberance (MP). Photographs will be taken of each participant in right-side view.
Orofacial Evaluation Through NOT-S (score from 0 to 12)
The following functions are addressed during the interview: (I) sensory function, (II) breathing, (III) habits, (IV) chewing and swallowing, (V) drooling and (VI) dryness of the mouth. The following functions are evaluated during the physical examination: (1) face at rest, (2) nose breathing, (3) facial expression, (4) masticatory muscle and jaw function, (5) oral motor function and (6) speech. For the evaluation of orofacial dysfunction during the clinical examination, the participants will be asked to perform tasks for each item in accordance with the illustrated manual. Each item has criteria for the respective function. A "YES" response or task the meets the criteria for compromised function will be scored 1 point, indicating dysfunction in the respective domain. A "NO" response or task that does not meet the criteria will be scored zero. The total is the sum of the points of all domains and ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores denoting greater orofacial disfunction.
Full Information
NCT ID
NCT04211870
First Posted
December 19, 2019
Last Updated
February 11, 2020
Sponsor
University of Nove de Julho
1. Study Identification
Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT04211870
Brief Title
Effects of Photobiomodulation in Children With Down Syndrome and Possible Sleep Bruxism
Official Title
Effects of Photobiomodulation in Children With Down Syndrome and Possible Sleep Bruxism: Protocol For A Randomized, Controlled, Blind, Clinical Trial
Study Type
Interventional
2. Study Status
Record Verification Date
February 2020
Overall Recruitment Status
Unknown status
Study Start Date
March 20, 2020 (Anticipated)
Primary Completion Date
November 20, 2020 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
December 20, 2020 (Anticipated)
3. Sponsor/Collaborators
Responsible Party, by Official Title
Principal Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
University of Nove de Julho
4. Oversight
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
5. Study Description
Brief Summary
Hypotonia, particularly of the masticatory and oropharyngeal muscles, is one of the main characteristics of Down syndrome, resulting in impaired speech, chewing and swallowing. Moreover, the complete or partial obstruction of the airways during sleep may occur due to hypotonia of the tongue, leading to snoring and sleep disorders, such as obstructive apnea and sleep bruxism. Objectives: Analyze salivary levels of dopamine and cortisol and muscle activity before and after treatment with low-level laser therapy administered to acupoints in children with Down syndrome. Methods: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial will be conducted. Individuals four to 17 years of age with a diagnosis of Down syndrome and possible sleep bruxism will be screened at the Integrated Health Clinic of Nove de Julho University. We will evaluate orofacial dysfunction (NOT-S questionnaire), facial sensitivity, activity of the masticatory and trapezius muscles (electromyography), head posture as well as salivary cortisol and dopamine. After the evaluations, the participants will be randomized into two groups: Grupo 1 - treatment with low-level laser therapy at a wavelength of 808 nm; Group 2 - sham treatment (simulated laser therapy). Treatment will be conducted twice per week for a total of 12 sessions. The data will be tabulated and treated using GraphPad Prism version 7.0. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test will be used to determine the normality of the data. Variables that fit the Gaussian curve will be expressed as mean and standard deviation. The t-test will be used for comparisons between the groups, with the significance level set to 5% (p <0.05).
6. Conditions and Keywords
Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Sleep Bruxism
7. Study Design
Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Phase 1, Phase 2
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
Participant
Masking Description
During sham treatment, however, the device will emit a guide light and sound, but no energy.
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
20 (Anticipated)
8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions
Arm Title
Group 1
Arm Type
Active Comparator
Arm Description
Treatment with low-level laser therapy.
Arm Title
Group 2
Arm Type
Sham Comparator
Arm Description
Sham treatment (simulated laser therapy).
Intervention Type
Radiation
Intervention Name(s)
Low-level laser therapy
Intervention Description
Sessions will be held twice a week for six weeks (total: 12 session). A potentiometer will be used to measure the mean power of the equipment and therapeutic dose, ensuring safety to the participant and operator. Laser will be administered at a wavelength of 786.94 nm using an energy density of 2 J/cm², intensity of 1.675 mW/cm² and power of 70 mW (0.070 W) for 20 seconds per point. The point application method will be used with a conventional tip in contact with the skin (spot area: 0.04 cm²) following the protocol suggested by Venezian et al.59 and Carvalho et al.60.
Intervention Type
Radiation
Intervention Name(s)
Sham treatment
Intervention Description
Sessions will be held twice a week for six weeks (total: 12 session). During sham treatment the device will emit a guide light and sound, but no energy.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in salivary cortisol
Description
Cortisol will be measured from saliva samples. Non-stimulated saliva will be collected in the morning or afternoon with the participant fasting or at least two hours since the last meal. The participant will be seated comfortably in a well-ventilated environment with the head inclined slightly forward without swallowing to allow saliva to accumulate on the floor of the mouth. The saliva will be expelled for a period of five minutes into a funnel coupled to previously weighed tube partially immersed in crushed ice. Salivary flow will be calculated as mL/min. Two mL of saliva will be collected. The samples will be transported under refrigeration to the Cellular Culture and Research Lab of Nove de Julho University (Vergueiro campus) for centrifugation (5000 g, 5 min, 4°C) and storage at -80°C. The material will be discarded after use.
Time Frame
Baseline and 15 days follow-up.
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in salivary dopamine
Description
Dopamine will be measured from saliva samples. Non-stimulated saliva will be collected in the morning or afternoon with the participant fasting or at least two hours since the last meal. The participant will be seated comfortably in a well-ventilated environment with the head inclined slightly forward without swallowing to allow saliva to accumulate on the floor of the mouth. The saliva will be expelled for a period of five minutes into a funnel coupled to previously weighed tube partially immersed in crushed ice. Salivary flow will be calculated as mL/min. Two mL of saliva will be collected. The samples will be transported under refrigeration to the Cellular Culture and Research Lab of Nove de Julho University (Vergueiro campus) for centrifugation (5000 g, 5 min, 4°C) and storage at -80°C. The material will be discarded after use.
Time Frame
Baseline and 15 days follow-up.
Title
Sensory evaluation/monofilaments
Description
The sensory evaluation will be performed using the Semmes-Weinstein kit (Smiles®), which contains a set of six nylon monofilaments (esthesiometry) of the same length that exert pressure on the specific site of the skin tested. Each monofilament has a specific color and diameter: green (0.05 g), blue (0.2 g), violet (2 g), red (4 g), orange (10 g) and magenta (300 g) 16. The test will be performed on dermatomes. The score ranges from seven (green monofilament) to 1 (magenta monofilament).18
Time Frame
Baseline and 15 days follow-up.
Title
Head posture assessment
Description
The clinical (visual) assessment of head posture will be performed using a posture grid. The participant will be instructed to stand with his/her natural posture. The natural balance of the head will be used to standardize the posture of each subject, who will be instructed to look forward with the gaze on the horizon. Semi-spherical polystyrene markers measuring 1.5 cm in diameter will be attached to the skin with double-sided adhesive tape at three anatomic points: the spiny process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7), the manubrium of the sternum (A1) and the mental protuberance (MP). Photographs will be taken of each participant in right-side view.
Time Frame
Baseline and 15 days follow-up.
Title
Orofacial Evaluation Through NOT-S (score from 0 to 12)
Description
The following functions are addressed during the interview: (I) sensory function, (II) breathing, (III) habits, (IV) chewing and swallowing, (V) drooling and (VI) dryness of the mouth. The following functions are evaluated during the physical examination: (1) face at rest, (2) nose breathing, (3) facial expression, (4) masticatory muscle and jaw function, (5) oral motor function and (6) speech. For the evaluation of orofacial dysfunction during the clinical examination, the participants will be asked to perform tasks for each item in accordance with the illustrated manual. Each item has criteria for the respective function. A "YES" response or task the meets the criteria for compromised function will be scored 1 point, indicating dysfunction in the respective domain. A "NO" response or task that does not meet the criteria will be scored zero. The total is the sum of the points of all domains and ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores denoting greater orofacial disfunction.
Time Frame
Baseline and 15 days follow-up.
10. Eligibility
Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
4 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
17 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
Children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Down syndrome
Four to 17 years of age
Bruxism, based on parental reports of the occurrence of grinding the teeth, incisal and/or occlusal tooth wear following the criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the questionnaire for the evaluation of bruxism validated by Serra Negra et al. (2014) and a systematic review performed by Manfredini et al. (2013).
Exclusion Criteria:
Use of muscle relaxant
Temporomandibular disorder
Undergoing other therapy for bruxism
Other associated neurological diseases
Cognitive deficit that impedes understanding the evaluations.
12. IPD Sharing Statement
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
32332670
Citation
Salgueiro MDCC, Silva T, Motta LJ, Horliana ACRT, Goncalves MLL, Gomes AO, Pinto MM, Bortoletto CC, Altavista OM, Deana AM, Silva DFTD, Santos EM, Castelo PM, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK. Effects of Photobiomodulation in Children with Down Syndrome and Possible Sleep Bruxism: Protocol For A Randomized, Controlled, Blind, Clinical Trial: Study protocol clinical trial (SPIRIT compliant). Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Apr;99(17):e19904. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019904.
Results Reference
derived
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Effects of Photobiomodulation in Children With Down Syndrome and Possible Sleep Bruxism
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