Effects on Liver Cirrhotic Patients' by a Nurse-led Clinic

Effects on Liver Cirrhotic Patient's Health Related Quality of Life by a Nurse-led Clinic: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Fundation of Ester Åsberg-Lindbergs memories, Falun; Sweden, Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Sweden

This study compare the effects of traditional follow-up by physician with a combined follow-up alternately by physician and nurse-led clinic. The main variable is; health related quality of Life. Participants are randomized into control group or intervention group.

The incidence of liver cirrhosis in Sweden increase mostly due to life style factors. A large need of care is common in the end stage of the disease. Nurse-led clinics for other groups of patients, e.g. coronary heart disease, have shown high quality which has resulted in an established part of the follow-up. This study is a randomized controlled study at six Swedish hospitals to study the effect of a changed follow-up process for liver cirrhotic patients by adding a nurse-led clinic to follow up by physician. The intervention implies a larger extend of nursing interventions at the outpatient clinic to increase the patient's quality of life, quality of care and reduce the need of inpatient care. A few hospitals in Sweden offers a nurse-led clinic for liver cirrhotic patients, the interest in other hospitals are raising. Though there is a lack of evidence in nursing intervention within this population and it is still unknown what the effects are for the individual or on the health economy.

Compensated intervention (CI). Nurse-led clinic one time per year. Focus on Life style and risk factors.

Decompensated intervention (DI). Nurse-led clinic two times every month to every third month. Focus on Lifestyle, risk factors, nutrition, selfcare and psychosocial needs

Risk assessment of malnutrition using the instrument the Royal free hospital - nutritional prioritizing tool

A liver cirrhosis specific instrument will be used to assess the risk of malnutrition. The risk is subdivided into low, moderate or high risk.

Inclusion Criteria: within the last 24 months diagnosed liver cirrhosis based on clinical investigation, laboratory findings, histology, magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography, ultrasound or elastography followed at one of the six Gastroenterology departments Exclusion Criteria: Insufficient knowledge of the Swedish language Persistent hepatic ecephalopathy grades 2-4 Comorbidity: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease grade 3-4, Coronary heart disease New York Heart Association Functional Classification class 3-4, Dementia, Actual advanced cancer, Stroke with sequelae, Severe psychiatric disease, Renal failure requiring dialysis

The data that support the findings of this study are available from Region Dalarna upon reasonable request, provided that the data can be made available in accordance with applicable data protection and privacy regulations. Contact information: Maria Hjorth, maria.hjorth@regiondalarna.se and diariet@regiondalarna.se

Arguedas MR, DeLawrence TG, McGuire BM. Influence of hepatic encephalopathy on health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Aug;48(8):1622-6. doi: 10.1023/a:1024784327783.

Abdi F, Daryani NE, Khorvash F, Yousefi Z. Experiences of Individuals With Liver Cirrhosis: A Qualitative Study. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2015 Jul-Aug;38(4):252-7. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000122.

Arvidsson SB, Petersson A, Nilsson I, Andersson B, Arvidsson BI, Petersson IF, Fridlund B. A nurse-led rheumatology clinic's impact on empowering patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A qualitative study. Nurs Health Sci. 2006 Sep;8(3):133-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2006.00269.x.

Biddle ML, Adler NR, Heath M, Streat S, Wardrop M, Watson JP. Nurse-led clinic: effective and efficient delivery of assessment and review of patients with hepatitis B and C. Intern Med J. 2014 Jun;44(6):581-5. doi: 10.1111/imj.12400.

Bleibel W, Al-Osaimi AM. Hepatic encephalopathy. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2012 Sep-Oct;18(5):301-9. doi: 10.4103/1319-3767.101123.

Borhofen SM, Gerner C, Lehmann J, Fimmers R, Gortzen J, Hey B, Geiser F, Strassburg CP, Trebicka J. The Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool Is an Independent Predictor of Deterioration of Liver Function and Survival in Cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Jun;61(6):1735-43. doi: 10.1007/s10620-015-4015-z. Epub 2016 Jan 2.

Brown MT, Bussell JK. Medication adherence: WHO cares? Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Apr;86(4):304-14. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2010.0575. Epub 2011 Mar 9.

Chaney A, Werner KT & Kipple T. Primary care management of hepatic encephalopathy: A common cirrhosis complication. The journal for Nurse Practisioners. 11(3): 300-306, 2015.

Disler RT, Gallagher RD, Davidson PM. Factors influencing self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012 Feb;49(2):230-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.005. Epub 2011 Dec 6.

Evangelista LS, Shinnick MA. What do we know about adherence and self-care? J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008 May-Jun;23(3):250-7. doi: 10.1097/01.JCN.0000317428.98844.4d.

Hays RD, Morales LS. The RAND-36 measure of health-related quality of life. Ann Med. 2001 Jul;33(5):350-7. doi: 10.3109/07853890109002089.

Hommel A, Idvall E & Andersson AC. Kvalitetsutveckling: Kvalitet och omvårdnad. I AK Edberg, A Ehrenberg, F Friberg, L Wallin, H Wijk & J Öhlén (Eds) Omvårdnad på avancerad nivå: Kärnkompetenser inom sjuksköterskans specialistområden (1st ed, pp. 147-150), 2013.

Hays RD, Sherbourne CD, Mazel RM. The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0. Health Econ. 1993 Oct;2(3):217-27. doi: 10.1002/hec.4730020305.

Infante-Rivard C, Esnaola S, Villeneuve JP. Clinical and statistical validity of conventional prognostic factors in predicting short-term survival among cirrhotics. Hepatology. 1987 Jul-Aug;7(4):660-4. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840070408.

Jahren Kristoffersen N, Nortveldt F & Skaug EA. Grundläggande omvårdnad del 1. Stockholm: Liber AB, 2005.

Jones JC, Coombes JS, Macdonald GA. Exercise capacity and muscle strength in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Transpl. 2012 Feb;18(2):146-51. doi: 10.1002/lt.22472.

Jorgensen R. A phenomenological study of fatigue in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Adv Nurs. 2006 Sep;55(6):689-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03958.x.

Kalaitzakis E, Josefsson A, Bjornsson E. Type and etiology of liver cirrhosis are not related to the presence of hepatic encephalopathy or health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2008 Oct 15;8:46. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-8-46.

Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, Kremers W, Therneau TM, Kosberg CL, D'Amico G, Dickson ER, Kim WR. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001 Feb;33(2):464-70. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2001.22172.

Koay K, Schofield P, Jefford M. Importance of health literacy in oncology. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2012 Mar;8(1):14-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2012.01522.x.

Kroese ME, Severens JL, Schulpen GJ, Bessems MC, Nijhuis FJ, Landewe RB. Specialized rheumatology nurse substitutes for rheumatologists in the diagnostic process of fibromyalgia: a cost-consequence analysis and a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2011 Jul;38(7):1413-22. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.100753. Epub 2011 Apr 1.

Larsson, B, Larsson G, Larsson M & Starrin B. KUPP-boken: Vägledning till frågeformuläret KUPP, Kvalitet ur patientperspektiv. Stockholm: Grafiska Gruppen, 2001.

Larsson G, Larsson BW, Munck IM. Refinement of the questionnaire 'quality of care from the patient's perspective' using structural equation modelling. Scand J Caring Sci. 1998;12(2):111-8.

Maldonado-Garza HJ, Vazquez-Elizondo G, Gaytan-Torres JO, Flores-Rendon AR, Cardenas-Sandoval MG, Bosques-Padilla FJ. Prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. Ann Hepatol. 2011 Jun;10 Suppl 2:S40-4.

Nardelli S, Pentassuglio I, Pasquale C, Ridola L, Moscucci F, Merli M, Mina C, Marianetti M, Fratino M, Izzo C, Merkel C, Riggio O. Depression, anxiety and alexithymia symptoms are major determinants of health related quality of life (HRQoL) in cirrhotic patients. Metab Brain Dis. 2013 Jun;28(2):239-43. doi: 10.1007/s11011-012-9364-0. Epub 2013 Jan 8.

Pasqualetti P, Di Lauro G, Festuccia V, Giandomenico G, Casale R. Prognostic value of Pugh's modification of Child-Turcotte classification in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Panminerva Med. 1992 Apr-Jun;34(2):65-8.

Prytz H & Ståhl P. Levercirros och dess kliniska manifestationer. I R Hultcrantz, A Bergquist, S Lindgren, M Simrén, P Stål & OB Suhr (Eds.). Gastroenterologi och hepatologi. Stockholm: Liber. (1st ed, pp. 451-475), 2011.

Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg. 1973 Aug;60(8):646-9. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800600817. No abstract available.

Riley TR, Taheri M, Schreibman IR. Does weight history affect fibrosis in the setting of chronic liver disease? J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2009 Sep;18(3):299-302.

Schadewaldt V, Schultz T. Nurse-led clinics as an effective service for cardiac patients: results from a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2011 Sep;9(3):199-214. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-1609.2011.00217.x.

Shen C, Zhao CY, Zhang R, Qiao L. Obesity-related hepatocellular carcinoma: roles of risk factors altered in obesity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2012 Jun 1;17(6):2356-70. doi: 10.2741/4057.

Sheridan SL, Halpern DJ, Viera AJ, Berkman ND, Donahue KE, Crotty K. Interventions for individuals with low health literacy: a systematic review. J Health Commun. 2011;16 Suppl 3:30-54. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.604391.

Shutt JD, Robathan J, Vyas SK. Impact of a clinical nurse specialist on the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Br J Nurs. 2008 May 8-21;17(9):572-5. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2008.17.9.29242.

Volk ML, Fisher N, Fontana RJ. Patient knowledge about disease self-management in cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar;108(3):302-5. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.214.

Wakim-Fleming J, Mullen KD. Long-term management of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2005 Feb;9(1):135-49. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2004.10.001.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med. 1995 Nov;41(10):1403-9. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-k.

Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R, Harper A, Kim R, Kamath P, Kremers W, Lake J, Howard T, Merion RM, Wolfe RA, Krom R; United Network for Organ Sharing Liver Disease Severity Score Committee. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):91-6. doi: 10.1053/gast.2003.50016.

Weiss BD, Mays MZ, Martz W, Castro KM, DeWalt DA, Pignone MP, Mockbee J, Hale FA. Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: the newest vital sign. Ann Fam Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;3(6):514-22. doi: 10.1370/afm.405. Erratum In: Ann Fam Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;4(1):83.

Weissenborn K, Ennen JC, Schomerus H, Ruckert N, Hecker H. Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2001 May;34(5):768-73. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00026-5. No abstract available.

Wigg AJ, McCormick R, Wundke R, Woodman RJ. Efficacy of a chronic disease management model for patients with chronic liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;11(7):850-8.e1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.01.014. Epub 2013 Jan 29.

Wilde B, Starrin B, Larsson G, Larsson M. Quality of care from a patient perspective--a grounded theory study. Scand J Caring Sci. 1993;7(2):113-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.1993.tb00180.x.

Wilde Larsson B, Larsson G. Development of a short form of the Quality from the Patient's Perspective (QPP) questionnaire. J Clin Nurs. 2002 Sep;11(5):681-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2002.00640.x.

Hjorth M, Sjoberg D, Svanberg A, Kaminsky E, Langenskiold S, Rorsman F. Nurse-led clinic for patients with liver cirrhosis-effects on health-related quality of life: study protocol of a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Oct 17;8(10):e023064. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023064.

Practice Guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. (2014). Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease.

http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Halso--och-sjukvardslag-1982_sfs-1982-763/

http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Personuppgiftslag-1998204_sfs-1998-204/