Enhancing Processing Speed and Executive Functioning in Depressed Older Adults With Computerized Cognitive Training

Enhancing Processing Speed and Executive Functioning in Depressed Older Adults With Computerized Cognitive Training

Optimizing Placebo Effects in Depressed Older Adults: Enhancing Processing Speed and Executive Functioning With Computerized Cognitive Training

The purpose of this research study is to determine how treatment response may change depending on how studies are designed, and if mobile cognitive training can be used to improve treatment response in depressed older adults.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability, morbidity, and mortality across the lifespan and poses a particularly severe public health problem in late life. Late-life depression (LLD) is highly recurrent, can become chronic, and is often difficult to treat. Antidepressant treatment is often ineffective in this population because of the presence of neurocognitive factors including slow processing speed (PS), executive dysfunction (ED), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) that interfere with treatment. It is crucial, therefore, that we develop interventions that address antidepressant non-response and dramatically improve the quality of life of millions of vulnerable older adults. We recently determined that an important cause of non-response in this population is impaired expectancy effects, which in turn are compromised by slow speed of processing. We propose, therefore, that antidepressant non-response in older adults with PS deficits is caused by expectancy failure and that targeting PS deficits prior to antidepressant treatment will restore the capacity to form expectations thereby improving antidepressant treatment response. An excellent candidate for improving PS is computerized cognitive training (CCT), i.e., exercises that target, train, and strengthen specific cognitive processes with the use of structured drills and repeated practice. To test our expectancy-processing speed model, 100 depressed adults age 60 and over with PS deficits will be recruited. Participants will be randomized to either CCT or control (Solitaire) for 4 weeks. Both conditions will train 25 minutes per day, 7 days per week. At the conclusion of this four-week period, patients will be randomly assigned to high versus low expectancy treatment conditions. Patients assigned to the low expectancy condition will be told they will receive either placebo or escitalopram when in fact they will receive escitalopram for eight weeks. Patients assigned to the high expectancy condition will be told they will receive escitalopram for eight weeks. Neuropsychological assessment will occur at baseline and weeks 4 and 12 whereas MRI scans will be conducted at baseline and week 4. Clinical assessments will be conducted biweekly throughout the study. The goals of this study are to 1) To determine whether PS mediates the relationship between CCT and expectancy, and 2) To compare endpoint depression scores as a function of CCT and expectancy conditions. At the screening evaluation, informed consent for the screening evaluation is obtained. Participants subsequently undergo a psychiatric clinical interview using the Structured Clinical Interview Diagnostic for DSM-V (SCID-V), 24- item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Clinical Global Impressions Scale - Severity (CGI-Severity), Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) and Antidepressant Treatment History Form (ATHF) to document depression diagnosis, severity, and medical comorbidity. WAIS-IV Digit Symbol Coding will be completed to determine whether the patient meets inclusion criteria for PS (>1 SD on age adjusted norms). If the patient is eligible for study entry, participation in the research protocol will be discussed and informed consent will be obtained. After consent is obtained, patients will receive a comprehensive baseline neuropsychological assessment and MRI (structural, resting state, and DTI). Neuropsychological assessments include MMSE, WAIS-IV Coding, NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, NIH Supplement Auditory Verbal Learning Test (Rey), Trail Making Test (Part A and B), Stroop Color-Word Test, and The Letter and Animal Naming Test. These measures will capture global cognitive functioning, processing speed, attention, and response inhibition, and verbal fluency. After testing, patients will be randomized to either CCT or active control for 4 weeks (25'/day, 7 days/week). Patients randomized to CCT will complete seven 25-minute sessions per week for 4 weeks using BrainHQ's Double Decision in the experimental condition (a processing speed exercise) and BrainHQ solitaire in the control condition. At the conclusion of this four-week period, patients will complete a second neuropsychological assessment and a second fMRI (to determine change in resting-state BOLD signal in the CCN). Patients will then be randomly assigned to high versus low expectancy treatment conditions. Patients assigned to the low expectancy condition will be told they will receive either placebo escitalopram when in fact they will receive escitalopram for eight weeks. Patient assigned to the high expectancy condition will be told and they will receive escitalopram for eight weeks. Expectancy is measured at baseline and after informing patients of their randomization status. The difference between their pre and post randomization expectancy regarding treatment improvement is the expectancy effect. At the conclusion of the eight-week clinical trial, the difference in antidepressant response observed between the open and placebo-controlled medication treatments is a measure of the expectancy contribution to outcome. Neuropsychological assessment will occur again at the conclusion of the escitalopram trial (week 12). Clinical assessments will be conducted biweekly throughout the study. The novel experimental therapeutics approach taken in this proposal cuts across several research themes (prevention and translation) and addresses many of the challenges (digital technology and neural circuits) elaborated in NIMH's Strategic Plan for mental health research in the 21st century. Consistent with NIMH goals, it also develops strategies for tailoring existing interventions to optimize outcomes and elucidates the mechanism by which antidepressant treatment in LLD can be restored.

Those assigned to the computerized cognitive training arm prior to antidepressant trial enrollment will receive computerized cognitive training that includes games that scale in difficulty.

Those assigned to the solitaire training arm prior to antidepressant trial enrollment will receive computerized solitaire games.

Those assigned to receive open-label antidepressant treatment will begin with 10 mg of escitalopram. If the participant cannot tolerate or has an adverse reaction to escitalopram, duloxetine will be offered instead.

Those assigned to the placebo-controlled group will be told that they have a 50/50 chance of receiving either escitalopram or placebo.

Participants will complete 4 weeks of executive functioning / processing speed training through the BrainHQ platform on their personal computers.

Participants will be assigned to open-label or placebo-controlled antidepressant treatment for 8 weeks.

Participants will complete 4 weeks of Solitaire training through the BrainHQ platform on their personal computers.

Clinician-rated measure of depressive severity composed of 24 questions used to measure changes in depressive symptoms and monitor safety during the study.

Self-report scale in which subjects rate their impression of the credibility of the treatment and how they estimate their expectation of improvement. Item 4 measures how much improvement in depression symptoms is expected.

Processing speed will be assessed using Coding from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV), the NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test, and Trail Making Test A. From these 3 tests, a composite score (primary outcome) is derived by extracting a latent factor and factor loadings, creating a purer measure of processing speed than raw scores from an individual test or a sum total score.

Processing speed will be assessed using Coding from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV), the NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test, and Trail Making Test A. From these 3 tests, a composite score (primary outcome) is derived by extracting a latent factor and factor loadings, creating a purer measure of processing speed than raw scores from an individual test or a sum total score.

Processing speed will be assessed using Coding from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV), the NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test, and Trail Making Test A. From these 3 tests, a composite score (primary outcome) is derived by extracting a latent factor and factor loadings, creating a purer measure of processing speed than raw scores from an individual test or a sum total score.

Scales measuring the clinician's view of subjects' global functioning that will provide a clinical assessment of subjects at each visit and help maintain safety by identifying clinical worsening.

The IDS-SR is a standard self-report measure of depression severity that will be used to measure changes in depressive symptoms and monitor safety during the study.

Provides quantitative ratings of chronic illness burden. Presence of illness is rated from 0 to 4 in 14 different medical domains. Scores range from 0-56.

Measures immediate recall. Unrelated words presented via audio recording and participant recalls as many as possible

Measure of response inhibition sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. This test is divided into three conditions: color naming, word reading, and colorword inhibition.

Test measuring the verbal fluency component of executive functioning. Requires subjects to generate words that begin with a particular letter or belong to a particular semantic category as quickly as possible

This 36-item self-report provides a global measure of disability and 7 domain-specific scores based on the conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).

Paper and pencil test that assesses (A) speeded attention and (B) the switching component of executive function. This test has two conditions: (A) number sequencing and (B) number-letter sequencing.

Measures attention and executive functioning. The allocation of one's limited capacities to deal with an abundance of environmental stimulation

Measures episodic memory. Cognitive processes involved in the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of new information.

Measures working memory. The ability to store information until the amount of information to be stored exceeds one's capacity to hold that information.

Measures receptive vocabulary administered in a computer-adaptive test (CAT) format. Respondents select the picture that most closely matches the meaning of the word.

Measures reading and decoding skill and crystallized abilities. Participant is asked to read and pronounce letters and words as accurately as possible.

Measures executive function. The capacity to plan, organize and monitor the executive of behaviors that are strategically directed in a goal-oriented manner.

Assesses the amount of information that can be processed within a certain unit of time. Items are simple so as to purely measure processing speed.

A brief, structured 30-item mental status examination that measures concentration or working memory, language and praxis, orientation, memory, and attention span

Participants are required to copy symbols paired with numbers in a 120 second time limit. The score is the number correct in the allotted time.

Inclusion Criteria: Age greater than or equal to 60 years DSM5 Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Persistent Depressive Disorder, or Depression Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) score ≥ 20 Decreased processing speed (1 SD below age-adjusted norms on the WAIS-IV Digit Symbol Coding Test) Access to a computer with daily internet access Willing to and capable of providing informed consent and complying with all study procedures. At the end of the CCT phase (week 4), depression severity will be reassessed. To be eligible for Phase 2 (SSRI trial), participants will be required to have an HRSD score ≥ 14. Exclusion Criteria: Diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence (excluding Tobacco Use Disorder) within the past 12 months History of psychosis, psychotic disorder, mania, or bipolar disorder Primary neurological disorder, including dementia, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, etc. Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score less than 24 HRSD suicide item greater than 2 or Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)-Severity score of 7 at baseline History of allergic or adverse reaction to escitalopram, or non-response to adequate trial of escitalopram (at least 4 weeks at dose of 20 mg) during the current episode Current or recent (within the past 2 weeks) treatment with psychotherapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers Contraindication to MRI scanning (such as metal in body) or inability to tolerate the scanning procedures History of significant radioactivity exposure (nuclear medicine studies or occupational exposure).