Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Markers in Male Smokers and Non-Smokers
Cigarette Smoking, Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Risk Factor
About this trial
This is an interventional prevention trial for Cigarette Smoking focused on measuring Coronary heart disease, Exercise, Inflammation, Postprandial lipaemia, Smoking
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion criteria:
- 20- to 45-year-old healthy male smokers or non-smokers;
- Be able to exercise continuously for 1 hour;
- Body mass index between 18.5 and 29.9 kg/m2;
- Weight stable for the past 3 months;
- No known contradictions to maximal exertion exercise (e.g., recent musculoskeletal injury, congenital heart disease).
- A regular cigarette smoker or non-smoker for the last 12 months according to the definition below;
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) definitions will be used to identify cigarette smokers and non-smokers (Link: NHIS Adult Tobacco Use):
- Current smokers will be defined as an adult who has smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and who currently smokes cigarettes every day.
- Non-smokers will be defined as an adult who has never smoked or who has smoked < 100 cigarettes in their lifetime
The following questions will determine the eligibility and group allocation:
- Do you currently smoke cigarettes on a daily basis?
- Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?
If the person answers YES to Q1 and YES to Q2 they are eligible for the study and will be allocated to the smokers group.
If the person answers NO to Q1 and NO to Q2 they are eligible for the study and will be allocated to the non-smokers group.
Individuals answering any other combination (YES, NO or NO, YES) will not be eligible to take part in the study.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Not meeting the criteria for a smoker or non-smoker (defined above);
- Current E-Cigarette smoker;
- Musculoskeletal injury that has affected normal ambulation within the last month;
- Any muscle or bone injuries that do not allow them to walk and run on a treadmill;
- Uncontrolled exercise-induced asthma;
- Heart conditions;
- Coagulation or bleeding disorders;
- Diabetes (metabolism will be different to non-diabetics potentially skewing the data);
- Taking any medication that might influence fat metabolism;
- Taking any medication that might influence blood glucose (e.g., insulin for diabetes);
- Dieting or restrained eating behaviours;
- Weight fluctuation greater than 3 kg in the 3 months prior to study enrolment;
- A food allergy.
Sites / Locations
- Loughborough University
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
No Intervention
Experimental
Control
Exercise
Participants will rest in the laboratory on day 1 and day 2 (08:00-17:00). A high fat breakfast and lunch will be consumed on both days at pre-determined intervals.
Participants will complete 60 min of treadmill exercise on day 1 (14:30-15:30). Participants will rest in the laboratory for the remainder of day 1 and throughout day 2 (08:00-17:00). A high fat breakfast and lunch will be consumed on both days at pre-determined intervals.