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Home Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation (TEA) (Home-TEA)

Primary Purpose

Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Phase 2
Locations
United States
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
TEA
Lexapro
Sponsored by
University of Michigan
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation focused on measuring Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation, Constipation, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Colon, Irritable, Irritable Colon

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - undefined (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Those with ongoing and symptomatic Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation (IBS-C)
  • Significant mean worst abdominal pain severity (as defined by the study protocol, which will be shared with results reporting) on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score during the Phase-in period
  • Symptoms present at least 1 day/week in the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to the diagnosis.
  • Abdominal pain is not adequately relieved at the time of screening and the time of randomization.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Unrelated active disorder which may involve abdominal pain, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes or unstable thyroid disease.
  • Pregnancy, plans to become pregnant, or lactation. Any potential patient of child-bearing potential will complete a pregnancy test at Visit 1 and if the test is positive that individual will be excluded from future participation.
  • Any other condition, which in the opinion of the investigator would impede compliance or hinder the completion of the study
  • A history of abdominal surgery (other than cholecystectomy or appendectomy)
  • Active use of prucalopride, domperidone, alosetron, tegaserod, warfarin, antipsychotic (e.g., Seroquel, Risperdal), antidiarrheal, or frequent (>2 days/week) use of opioid or antispasmodic medication. Those who frequently use Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) will also be excluded.
  • Ongoing use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), or any other serotonin-active medications, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Individuals on chronic SSRI therapy, including escitalopram, at the initial evaluation will not be enrolled in the study.
  • Inability to avoid the following medications: tricyclic antidepressants, Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitors including, intravenous methylene blue, linezolid, and pimozide, as well as triptans, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, amphetamines, and St. John's Wort. - - Participants will be informed that MAO inhibitors cannot be used within 14 days of starting or stopping escitalopram.
  • Known hypersensitivity to escitalopram or citalopram including any of the inactive ingredients of these formulations.
  • Known allergy to adhesive Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes.
  • Known angle-closure glaucoma, bipolar disorder, history of seizures or prior suicide attempt or known suicidal thoughts.
  • Known QTc prolongation or receiving scheduled therapy with a medication associated with prolongation of QTc (screening to be completed at recruitment as detailed above).

Sites / Locations

  • University of MichiganRecruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm 3

Arm 4

Arm Type

Experimental

Sham Comparator

Experimental

Experimental

Arm Label

TEA at location A

TEA at location B

TEA at location C

Escitalopram treatment

Arm Description

The TEA device administers a mild electrical shock through the skin, similar to acupuncture. Stimulation will be performed twice daily, morning and evening for 45 minutes for 8 weeks. Location sets are described in the protocol, which will be shared with results reporting but are not provided here to maintain masking and, therefore, to safeguard scientific integrity.

The TEA device administers a mild electrical shock through the skin, similar to acupuncture. Stimulation will be performed twice daily, morning and evening for 45 minutes for 8 weeks. Location sets are described in the protocol, which will be shared with results reporting but are not provided here to maintain masking and, therefore, to safeguard scientific integrity.

The TEA device administers a mild electrical shock through the skin, similar to acupuncture. Stimulation will be performed twice daily, morning and evening for 45 minutes for 8 weeks. Location sets are described in the protocol, which will be shared with results reporting but are not provided here to maintain masking and, therefore, to safeguard scientific integrity.

This arm will receive treatment with the chemical neuromodulator escitalopram (Lexapro) at 10 mg once per day for 8 weeks. Lexapro is often used as a standard treatment for IBS.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Change in abdominal pain/discomfort via daily Visual Analog Scale (VAS) survey
Participants will complete a daily VAS survey to measure daily discomfort. There are four metrics measured in this form, abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, abdominal fullness, and abdominal cramping. These are scored on a line from 0 to 10, with 0 being the lowest (no pain) and 10 being the highest (worst imaginable pain) These scores will be totaled each day and compared from day 0 to day 98, or the end of week 14.
Change in global abdominal pain
Participants will complete a weekly VAS survey to monitor for change in discomfort for the week prior when compared to prior to starting the study. This contains two questions which ask yes/no questions asking about improvement over the prior week, and one question asking for satisfaction of improvement from 0 to 5, 0 being the lowest (not satisfied) and 5 being the highest (very satisfied). These answers will be compared from week 1 to week 14.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Change in quality of life via Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) survey
A self-report quality-of-life measure specific to Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) that can be used to assess the impact of IBS and its treatment. This survey is 34 questions, all scored from 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest (not at all) and 5 being the highest (a great deal, or extremely). The individual responses to the 34 items are summed and averaged for a total score. These answers will be compared from week 0 to week 14
Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) - Anxiety
Determines levels of anxiety that a person is experiencing by asking 7 questions scored from 0-3, with 0 being the lowest (not at all) and 3 being the highest (most of the time). Responses for each category will be totaled and compared against the below ranges. 0-7 = normal 8-10 = borderline abnormal 11-21 = abnormal Scores will be compared from week 0 to week 14
Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) - Depression
Determines levels of depression that a person is experiencing by asking 7 questions scored from 0-3, with 0 being the lowest (not at all) and 3 being the highest (most of the time). Responses for each category will be totaled and compared against the below ranges. 0-7 = normal 8-10 = borderline abnormal 11-21 = abnormal Scores will be compared from week 0 to week 14
Change in IBS - Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS)
A survey designed to record and monitor the severity of IBS. The maximum achievable score was 500. Mild, moderate and severe cases were indicated by scores of 75 to 175, 175 to 300 and > 300 respectively. Scores will be compared from day 10 to day 90
Daily Stool Diary - Change in number of bowel movements
The Daily Stool Diary will ask how many bowel movements have occurred in the past 24 hours. This will also ask to indicate the number of spontaneous bowel movements (a bowel movement which occurs without use of rescue medications or maneuvers) and number of complete spontaneous bowel movements (a bowel movement which is associated with a feeling of complete evacuation) The change in the mean daily number of bowel movements will be averaged over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Daily Stool Diary - Change in Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS)
The Daily Stool Diary will use the BSFS to evaluate the stool consistency for each of the bowel movements in the past 24 hours. The BSFS is scored from 1 to 7, which are defined as follows: BSFS Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts BSFS Type 2: Sausage-shaped but lumpy BSFS Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface BSFS Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft BSFS Type 5: Soft blobs with clear-cut edges BSFS Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool BSFS Type 7: watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid The change in the mean daily scores for Bristol Stool Form Scale will be averaged over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Daily Stool Diary - Change in abdominal bloating
The Daily Stool Diary will rate the severity of participants abdominal bloating over past 24 hours on a visual analog scale for bloating (0-10 scale), with 0 being the lowest (no bloating) and 10 being the highest (worst imaginable bloating) The change in the mean daily scores for abdominal bloating will be averaged over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Daily Stool Diary - Change sense of urgency
The Daily Stool Diary will assess the sense of urgency with the following question: "Have you felt or experienced a sense of urgency today?" which will be answered with a yes or no. The change in the most frequent daily scores for sense of urgency will be calculated over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Change in Bowel Habits Per Separate IBS-SSS Survey
This survey (a part of the IBS-SSS which is not factored into the scoring) contains 9 questions asking about bowel habits. This will question the minimum and maximum number of bowel movements per day/week/month, typical location of pain, the effect of IBS pain on work habits. Responses will be compared from day 10 to day 90

Full Information

First Posted
August 18, 2022
Last Updated
December 2, 2022
Sponsor
University of Michigan
Collaborators
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05519683
Brief Title
Home Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation (TEA)
Acronym
Home-TEA
Official Title
Effects of Home-based TEA for Abdominal Pain in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
December 2022
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
November 2, 2022 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
September 2025 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
September 2025 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Principal Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
University of Michigan
Collaborators
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
Yes
Device Product Not Approved or Cleared by U.S. FDA
Yes
Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.
No
Data Monitoring Committee
Yes

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
This study will assess the efficacy of two active treatments with TEA and a chemical neuromodulator (escitalopram aka Lexapro) versus a sham comparator or control group on abdominal pain.
Detailed Description
The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of TEA to treat abdominal pain in participants with IBS with constipation (IBS-C). The study also aims to compare the electrical neuromodulation therapy (TEA) with medical neuromodulation therapy (escitalopram) in their ability to treat abdominal pain and improve the autonomic dysfunction in participants with IBS-C. This project will investigate the impact of 3 active treatment interventions vs. a sham control intervention on abdominal pain and other IBS symptoms in participants with IBS-C. This is a parallel-group study in which the participants will be divided into 4 treatment groups designed to investigate the feasibility of TEA using optimized parameters in comparison with medical neuromodulation therapy (escitalopram) and sham-TEA. The treatment will be home-based and last for a period of 8 weeks. To preserve scientific integrity and effective masking, certain details of arms and interventions will be made more precise upon or prior to reporting results

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation
Keywords
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation, Constipation, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Colon, Irritable, Irritable Colon

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Phase 2, Phase 3
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
None (Open Label)
Masking Description
One quarter of participants will be in each arm. Those randomized to device arms will not be informed of their parameters. Those in the drug arm will be informed of their arm soon after randomization.
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
160 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
TEA at location A
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
The TEA device administers a mild electrical shock through the skin, similar to acupuncture. Stimulation will be performed twice daily, morning and evening for 45 minutes for 8 weeks. Location sets are described in the protocol, which will be shared with results reporting but are not provided here to maintain masking and, therefore, to safeguard scientific integrity.
Arm Title
TEA at location B
Arm Type
Sham Comparator
Arm Description
The TEA device administers a mild electrical shock through the skin, similar to acupuncture. Stimulation will be performed twice daily, morning and evening for 45 minutes for 8 weeks. Location sets are described in the protocol, which will be shared with results reporting but are not provided here to maintain masking and, therefore, to safeguard scientific integrity.
Arm Title
TEA at location C
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
The TEA device administers a mild electrical shock through the skin, similar to acupuncture. Stimulation will be performed twice daily, morning and evening for 45 minutes for 8 weeks. Location sets are described in the protocol, which will be shared with results reporting but are not provided here to maintain masking and, therefore, to safeguard scientific integrity.
Arm Title
Escitalopram treatment
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
This arm will receive treatment with the chemical neuromodulator escitalopram (Lexapro) at 10 mg once per day for 8 weeks. Lexapro is often used as a standard treatment for IBS.
Intervention Type
Device
Intervention Name(s)
TEA
Other Intervention Name(s)
Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation
Intervention Description
The TEA device administers a mild electrical shock through the skin, similar to acupuncture. Location sets are described in the protocol, which will be shared with results reporting but are not provided here to maintain masking and, therefore, to safeguard scientific integrity.
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Lexapro
Other Intervention Name(s)
escitalopram
Intervention Description
This arm will receive treatment with the chemical neuromodulator escitalopram (Lexapro) at 10 mg once per day for 8 weeks. Lexapro is often used as a standard treatment for IBS.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in abdominal pain/discomfort via daily Visual Analog Scale (VAS) survey
Description
Participants will complete a daily VAS survey to measure daily discomfort. There are four metrics measured in this form, abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, abdominal fullness, and abdominal cramping. These are scored on a line from 0 to 10, with 0 being the lowest (no pain) and 10 being the highest (worst imaginable pain) These scores will be totaled each day and compared from day 0 to day 98, or the end of week 14.
Time Frame
Daily for 14 weeks
Title
Change in global abdominal pain
Description
Participants will complete a weekly VAS survey to monitor for change in discomfort for the week prior when compared to prior to starting the study. This contains two questions which ask yes/no questions asking about improvement over the prior week, and one question asking for satisfaction of improvement from 0 to 5, 0 being the lowest (not satisfied) and 5 being the highest (very satisfied). These answers will be compared from week 1 to week 14.
Time Frame
Weekly for 14 weeks
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in quality of life via Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) survey
Description
A self-report quality-of-life measure specific to Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) that can be used to assess the impact of IBS and its treatment. This survey is 34 questions, all scored from 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest (not at all) and 5 being the highest (a great deal, or extremely). The individual responses to the 34 items are summed and averaged for a total score. These answers will be compared from week 0 to week 14
Time Frame
Weekly for 14 weeks
Title
Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) - Anxiety
Description
Determines levels of anxiety that a person is experiencing by asking 7 questions scored from 0-3, with 0 being the lowest (not at all) and 3 being the highest (most of the time). Responses for each category will be totaled and compared against the below ranges. 0-7 = normal 8-10 = borderline abnormal 11-21 = abnormal Scores will be compared from week 0 to week 14
Time Frame
Weekly for 14 weeks
Title
Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) - Depression
Description
Determines levels of depression that a person is experiencing by asking 7 questions scored from 0-3, with 0 being the lowest (not at all) and 3 being the highest (most of the time). Responses for each category will be totaled and compared against the below ranges. 0-7 = normal 8-10 = borderline abnormal 11-21 = abnormal Scores will be compared from week 0 to week 14
Time Frame
Weekly for 14 weeks
Title
Change in IBS - Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS)
Description
A survey designed to record and monitor the severity of IBS. The maximum achievable score was 500. Mild, moderate and severe cases were indicated by scores of 75 to 175, 175 to 300 and > 300 respectively. Scores will be compared from day 10 to day 90
Time Frame
Once every 10 days for 14 weeks
Title
Daily Stool Diary - Change in number of bowel movements
Description
The Daily Stool Diary will ask how many bowel movements have occurred in the past 24 hours. This will also ask to indicate the number of spontaneous bowel movements (a bowel movement which occurs without use of rescue medications or maneuvers) and number of complete spontaneous bowel movements (a bowel movement which is associated with a feeling of complete evacuation) The change in the mean daily number of bowel movements will be averaged over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Time Frame
Daily for 14 weeks
Title
Daily Stool Diary - Change in Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS)
Description
The Daily Stool Diary will use the BSFS to evaluate the stool consistency for each of the bowel movements in the past 24 hours. The BSFS is scored from 1 to 7, which are defined as follows: BSFS Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts BSFS Type 2: Sausage-shaped but lumpy BSFS Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface BSFS Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft BSFS Type 5: Soft blobs with clear-cut edges BSFS Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool BSFS Type 7: watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid The change in the mean daily scores for Bristol Stool Form Scale will be averaged over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Time Frame
Daily for 14 weeks
Title
Daily Stool Diary - Change in abdominal bloating
Description
The Daily Stool Diary will rate the severity of participants abdominal bloating over past 24 hours on a visual analog scale for bloating (0-10 scale), with 0 being the lowest (no bloating) and 10 being the highest (worst imaginable bloating) The change in the mean daily scores for abdominal bloating will be averaged over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Time Frame
Daily for 14 weeks
Title
Daily Stool Diary - Change sense of urgency
Description
The Daily Stool Diary will assess the sense of urgency with the following question: "Have you felt or experienced a sense of urgency today?" which will be answered with a yes or no. The change in the most frequent daily scores for sense of urgency will be calculated over 1 week and compared between the phase-in period and the final week of the treatment period.
Time Frame
Daily for 14 weeks
Title
Change in Bowel Habits Per Separate IBS-SSS Survey
Description
This survey (a part of the IBS-SSS which is not factored into the scoring) contains 9 questions asking about bowel habits. This will question the minimum and maximum number of bowel movements per day/week/month, typical location of pain, the effect of IBS pain on work habits. Responses will be compared from day 10 to day 90
Time Frame
Once every 10 days for 14 weeks

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Those with ongoing and symptomatic Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation (IBS-C) Significant mean worst abdominal pain severity (as defined by the study protocol, which will be shared with results reporting) on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score during the Phase-in period Symptoms present at least 1 day/week in the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to the diagnosis. Abdominal pain is not adequately relieved at the time of screening and the time of randomization. Exclusion Criteria: Unrelated active disorder which may involve abdominal pain, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes or unstable thyroid disease. Pregnancy, plans to become pregnant, or lactation. Any potential patient of child-bearing potential will complete a pregnancy test at Visit 1 and if the test is positive that individual will be excluded from future participation. Any other condition, which in the opinion of the investigator would impede compliance or hinder the completion of the study A history of abdominal surgery (other than cholecystectomy or appendectomy) Active use of prucalopride, domperidone, alosetron, tegaserod, warfarin, antipsychotic (e.g., Seroquel, Risperdal), antidiarrheal, or frequent (>2 days/week) use of opioid or antispasmodic medication. Those who frequently use Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) will also be excluded. Ongoing use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), or any other serotonin-active medications, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Individuals on chronic SSRI therapy, including escitalopram, at the initial evaluation will not be enrolled in the study. Inability to avoid the following medications: tricyclic antidepressants, Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitors including, intravenous methylene blue, linezolid, and pimozide, as well as triptans, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, amphetamines, and St. John's Wort. - - Participants will be informed that MAO inhibitors cannot be used within 14 days of starting or stopping escitalopram. Known hypersensitivity to escitalopram or citalopram including any of the inactive ingredients of these formulations. Known allergy to adhesive Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes. Known angle-closure glaucoma, bipolar disorder, history of seizures or prior suicide attempt or known suicidal thoughts. Known QTc prolongation or receiving scheduled therapy with a medication associated with prolongation of QTc (screening to be completed at recruitment as detailed above).
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Colin Burnett
Phone
734-647-2806
Email
bucolin@med.umich.edu
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Borko Nojkov, MD
Organizational Affiliation
University of Michigan
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
University of Michigan
City
Ann Arbor
State/Province
Michigan
ZIP/Postal Code
48109
Country
United States
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Colin Burnett
Phone
734-647-2806
Email
bucolin@med.umich.edu

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No
IPD Sharing Plan Description
De-identified individual participant data will not be shared. However, the study protocol and the study results will be shared
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
25989154
Citation
Ma D, Han JS, Diao QH, Deng GF, Ping XJ, Jin WJ, Wu LZ, Cui CL, Li XD. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for the treatment of withdrawal syndrome in heroin addicts. Pain Med. 2015 May;16(5):839-48. doi: 10.1111/pme.12738. Erratum In: Pain Med. 2015 Nov;16(11):2217.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
24657460
Citation
Jiang Y, Liu J, Liu J, Han J, Wang X, Cui C. Cerebral blood flow-based evidence for mechanisms of low- versus high-frequency transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulation analgesia: a perfusion fMRI study in humans. Neuroscience. 2014 May 30;268:180-93. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.019. Epub 2014 Mar 20.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
28915981
Citation
Qu F, Wang FF, Wu Y, Zhou J, Robinson N, Hardiman PJ, Pan JX, He YJ, Zhu YH, Wang HZ, Ye XQ, He KL, Cui L, Zhao HL, Ye YH. Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation Improves the Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization: A Prospective, Randomized and Controlled Study. Explore (NY). 2017 Sep-Oct;13(5):306-312. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.06.004. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
31347247
Citation
Yu Y, Wei R, Liu Z, Xu J, Xu C, Chen JDZ. Ameliorating Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation Combined With Deep Breathing Training on Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Mediated via the Autonomic Pathway. Neuromodulation. 2019 Aug;22(6):751-757. doi: 10.1111/ner.13021. Epub 2019 Jul 26.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
29925916
Citation
Zhang B, Xu F, Hu P, Zhang M, Tong K, Ma G, Xu Y, Zhu L, Chen JDZ. Needleless Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation: A Pilot Study Evaluating Improvement in Post-Operative Recovery. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018 Jul;113(7):1026-1035. doi: 10.1038/s41395-018-0156-y. Epub 2018 Jun 21.
Results Reference
background

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Home Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation (TEA)

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