Implantable Cardiac Monitors in High-Risk Post-Infarction Patients With Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction (SMART-MI)

Implantable Cardiac Monitors in High-Risk Post-Infarction Patients With Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction

Implantable Cardiac Monitors in High-risk Post-infarction Patients With Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction and Moderately Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

The majority of deaths after myocardial infarction occurs in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (>35%) for whom no prophylactic strategies exist. Periodic Repolarization Dynamics (PRD) and Deceleration Capacity (DC) of heart rate are autonomic risk markers that identify a new high risk group of patients with LVEF 35-50% who have the same poor prognosis as patients with LVEF ≤35%. In SMART-MI, post-infarction patients with LVEF 35-50% and abnormal PRD and/or DC will be randomly assigned to biomonitoring-guided therapy or conventional follow-up.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most common single cause of death in the industrialized world. Patients after myocardial infarction (MI) are at increased risk of SCD. Current guidelines recommend prophylactic ICD-implantation in post-MI patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≤35%). However, the majority of arrhythmic deaths after MI occurs in patients with LVEF >35% in whom no specific prophylactic strategies exist, indicating an important unmet medical need. There is a large body of evidence that presence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction after MI is associated with an increased susceptibility to malignant brady- and tachyarrhythmias eventually culminating in SCD. Periodic repolarization dynamics (PRD) and heart rate deceleration capacity (DC) are clinically validated autonomic risk markers that provide strong and independent prognostic information in post-MI patients with LVEF >35%. PRD and DC reflect different facets of autonomic function and can therefore be used in combination to predict risk. Previous studies demonstrated that combined assessment of PRD and DC identifies a new high-risk group among post-MI patients with moderately reduced LVEF (36-50%). This new high-risk group has similar characteristics with respect to prognosis and patient numbers as the established high-risk group identified by LVEF ≤35%. However, the exact mechanisms leading to death in this new high-risk group need to be investigated in order to develop specific preventive strategies. As known from studies with implantable cardiac monitors (ICM) in post-MI patients with LVEF ≤40% eventual death is often preceded by primarily asymptomatic serious arrhythmic events. These data suggest a potential time frame for pre-emptive interventions in case of arrhythmic events, which could improve outcome. Therefore, SMART-MI will assess the occurrence and prognostic implications of serious arrhythmic events in this newly identified high-risk group by remote monitoring with ICM. Survivors of acute MI (<40 days) and LVEF 36-50% undergo autonomic testing for presence of abnormal PRD and/or DC. Those with autonomic dysfunction will be randomly assigned to ICM-implantation or conventional follow-up. Superiority of ICMs in detection of predefined serious arrhythmic events will be tested based on a time-to-event analysis. A central ICM core lab will be implemented allowing for a response to arrhythmias within 48h. The effect of remote monitoring on clinical outcomes will be tested as secondary endpoints. The study will provide the rationale for a future guideline-relevant study testing prophylactic therapies in this newly identified high-risk group.

Myocardial infarction, Autonomic nervous system, Risk stratification, Implantable cardiac monitor, Sudden cardiac death, ECG

The implantable cardiac monitor is implanted under the skin in the region of the thorax. It continuously monitors the heart's electrical activity for up to three years. Predefined arrhythmias are daily transmitted to a central core lab. In case of arrhythmias, specific guideline-based treatment is initiated within 48h.

Time to detection of one of the following serious arrhythmic events: atrial fibrillation ≥6 min, higher degree AV-block ≥ IIb, ventricular tachycardia with a cycle length ≤320ms lasting for ≥12 sec (corresponding to 40 beats), sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation

Composite of all-cause mortality, stroke, systemic arterial thromboembolism and unplanned hospitalizations for decompensated heart failure

Time to one of following clinical events: death, stroke, systemic arterial thromboembolism and unplanned hospitalization for decompensated heart failure

Inclusion Criteria: Acute myocardial infarction <40 days Left ventricular ejection fraction 36-50% Presence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction by means of abnormal periodic repolarization dynamics and/or abnormal deceleration capacity Age 18-80 years Sinus rhythm Optimal medical therapy Exclusion Criteria: ICD or pacemaker indication Known paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation Life expectancy < 12 months Inability to comply with follow-up Pregnancy Participation in another trial that may interfere

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