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Ketotifen and Indomethacin Combination Treatment Clinical Trial for COVID-19 (KICC COVID-19)

Primary Purpose

COVID-19 Respiratory Infection

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Phase 3
Locations
Nepal
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Ketotifen/Indomethacin
Placebo
Sponsored by
Sen-Jam Pharmaceutical
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for COVID-19 Respiratory Infection

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - 75 Years (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Adult patients aged 18-75 years
  2. Has SARS-CoV-2-positive antigen or molecular diagnostic test (validated SARS-CoV-2 antigen, RT-PCR, or other molecular diagnostic assay from a sample collected no more than 7 days prior to enrollment.
  3. At least two signs or symptoms of disease consistent with acute COVID-19 infection. One of these two symptoms must include cough OR shortness of breath with onset within 7 days prior to randomization. Other symptoms that qualify include:

    1. Fever
    2. nausea
    3. vomiting
    4. diarrhea
    5. muscle aches
    6. fatigue
    7. headache
    8. loss of smell or taste
    9. others that are consistent with acute COVID-19 infection in the opinion of the Investigator.
  4. Able and willing to give written or oral informed consent
  5. Willing to be an outpatient from Study Day 1 to 14, to provide blood during patient visits on Study Days 1, 3, 5, and 10, return on Study Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 for assessment.
  6. Willing to keep a diary of pain medication usage, side effects, and COVID-19 associated symptoms and answer a follow-up questionnaire on Study Day 84.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Clinical signs and symptoms for severe COVID-19, such as:

    1. Need for hospitalization at the time of screening
    2. Need for supplemental O2 at the time of screening
  2. A person with any of the following laboratory values:

    1. AST or ALT >/= 1000 U/L
    2. Known serum creatinine > 1.6 mg/dL
  3. Prior use of any of the following treatments: COVID-19 convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, IVIG (for COVID-19), or COVID-19 treatments (authorized, approved, or investigational)
  4. Current usage (within the last 7 days prior to randomization) of any of the following drugs:

    1. anticoagulant drugs including, but not limited to, aspirin, warfarin, or clopidogrel.
    2. systemic corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications for any indication
    3. drugs that are known to block the functions of ketotifen, such as propranolol.
    4. oral anti-diabetic agents
    5. diflunisal or other drugs (or drugs at certain doses) that are contraindicated for concurrent use with Indomethacin
  5. Prior vaccination of at least one dose of vaccine for SARS-CoV-2
  6. Has participated, is participating, or plans to participate in a clinical research study evaluating any authorized, approved, or investigational drug SARS-CoV-2
  7. Any other clinically significant acute illness within 7 days prior to first study drug administration that would impact outcome assessment.
  8. Patients with a history of any gastrointestinal bleeding requiring medical care.
  9. Exposure to any new investigational agent within 30 days prior to the study drug administration.
  10. Clinically significant abnormal physical examination unrelated to COVID-19 infection that would impact outcome assessment.
  11. Females who are pregnant or breast feeding.
  12. Current significant medical condition or illness including cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy or other cardiac disease, advanced renal disease, immunocompromised state including known HIV infection, or any other illness that the Investigator considers should exclude the patient, especially those that require continuation of other medications likely to have an interaction with the study drug. Patients with a history of allergy will not be excluded unless the allergy may be directed to the Study Drug, other NSAIDs, or other tablet ingredient.
  13. Any condition that would render the informed consent invalid, or limit the ability of the patient to comply with the study requirements.
  14. Inability to comply with completing the outcome assessment measure(s).
  15. Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would complicate or compromise the study or well-being of the patient.

Sites / Locations

  • Dhulikhel HospitalRecruiting
  • Global Clinical Research Pvt. Ltd.

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Experimental

Placebo Comparator

Arm Label

Study Drug

Placebo

Arm Description

Ketotifen 2 mg administered in tablet form twice a day (every 12 hr). Indomethacin sustained-release (SR) 75 mg, twice a day (every 12 hr). Patients will be administered 28 doses in total of ketotifen/indomethacin combination.

Placebo pills matching in appearance to study drug twice a day for 28 doses total.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Development of severe disease
Severe disease defined as hypoxia to room air pulse oximetry below 93%
Development of severe disease
Severe disease defined as hypoxia to room air pulse oximetry below 93%
Development of severe disease
Severe disease defined as hypoxia to room air pulse oximetry below 93%
Proportion and number of medically attended visits related to COVID-19
Need for emergency department visit or hospitalization for symptoms of COVID-19
Proportion and number of medically attended visits related to COVID-19
Need for emergency department visit or hospitalization for symptoms of COVID-19
Need for hospitalization
inpatient hospitalization
Need for hospitalization
inpatient hospitalization
Intensive care unit admission
Intensive care unit admission
Intensive care unit admission
Intensive care unit admission
Supplemental oxygen
Clinical care provider prescribing supplemental oxygen
Supplemental oxygen
Clinical care provider prescribing supplemental oxygen
Need for mechanical ventilation
Clinical care provider prescribing mechanical ventilation
Need for mechanical ventilation
Clinical care provider prescribing mechanical ventilation
severe functional disability (WHO ordinal scale)
WHO Ordinal Scale
severe functional disability (WHO ordinal scale)
WHO Ordinal Scale
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Serum chymase concentration
Serum chymase concentration
Serum chymase concentration
Serum chymase concentration
Serum chymase concentration
Serum chymase concentration
coagulation
Hematocrit, platelets, PT/PTT
coagulation
Hematocrit, platelets, PT/PTT
coagulation
Hematocrit, platelets, PT/PTT
Patient Global Improvement Score
A questionnaire that results in a numerical value that is the sum of the patients responses to questions on a likert scale
Patient Global Improvement Score
A questionnaire that results in a numerical value that is the sum of the patients responses to questions on a likert scale
Patient Global Improvement Score
A questionnaire that results in a numerical value that is the sum of the patients responses to questions on a likert scale
Incidence of associated symptoms of COVID-19
Incidence of symptoms associated with allergy, respiratory viral infection, and/or vascular pathology
Incidence of associated symptoms of COVID-19
Incidence of symptoms associated with allergy, respiratory viral infection, and/or vascular pathology
Incidence of associated symptoms of COVID-19
Incidence of symptoms associated with allergy, respiratory viral infection, and/or vascular pathology
adverse effect profile
incidence of GI upset, ulcers, and renal function
adverse effect profile
incidence of GI upset, ulcers, and renal function
adverse effect profile
incidence of GI upset, ulcers, and renal function

Full Information

First Posted
August 12, 2021
Last Updated
July 9, 2023
Sponsor
Sen-Jam Pharmaceutical
Collaborators
National University of Singapore
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05007522
Brief Title
Ketotifen and Indomethacin Combination Treatment Clinical Trial for COVID-19
Acronym
KICC COVID-19
Official Title
Ketotifen and Indomethacin Combination Treatment Clinical Trial for COVID-19 A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Proof-of-Concept Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Ketotifen and Indomethacin for Mild and Moderate COVID-19 in Adults
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
July 2023
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
May 3, 2022 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
September 1, 2024 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
December 1, 2024 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
Sen-Jam Pharmaceutical
Collaborators
National University of Singapore

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
Yes
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.
Yes
Data Monitoring Committee
Yes

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ketotifen and indomethacin taken together to improve symptoms related with COVID-19. Ketotifen and indomethacin are medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat diseases other than COVID-19. Their use in this study is investigational, meaning they have not been approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19.
Detailed Description
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a recently emerged coronavirus that has resulted in an ongoing global pandemic. Fever and cough are most commonly experienced at disease presentation and complications involving the vascular system also occur as potential manifestations of severe disease. In human autopsy studies, infiltration of mononuclear cells in the lung tissue concurrent with edema and hemorrhage are frequently noted5. Other than lung epithelial cells, infection is also observed in endothelial cells, possibly augmenting endothelial activation and vascular permeability6. It is believed that lung pathology during COVID-19 is immune-mediated and compounded by the infiltration of monocytes, neutrophils and subsets of T cells7. Interestingly, perturbations in the numbers of granulocytes in the blood, such as neutrophils and eosinophils have also been shown to be associated with severe disease1, 8, 9. Mast cells (MCs) are long-lived granulated immune cells that are present in both connective and mucosal tissues10. Our data in animal models support that MCs are strongly activated during infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus. Animal studies suggested that drugs in the class of MC "stabilizers" can effectively limit vascular leakage in mouse models of viral infection, such as caused by dengue virus (DENV). Ketotifen is an oral drug currently used to prevent asthma. It is used to treat irritation and reduce vascular leakage, such as in the eye. It is a MC stabilizing agent that prevents degranulation of MCs, as well as the production of additional mediators that are not contained within MC granules, including leukotrienes and platelet activating factor 32. Indomethacin is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 receptors and, therefore, its primary mechanism of action is through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. It is used to treat inflammatory disorders and pain including rheumatoid arthritis, tendinitis, gout, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to its antipyretic and analgesic properties. This is a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of ketotifen and indomethacin in adults 18 to 75 years of age, who meet at least two symptoms indicating COVID-19 infection, and who test positive for COVID-19 infection by a PCR based assay or rapid detection assay. Patients meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria will be enrolled. Eligible patients who present at or are referred to trial sites will undergo screening. Trained research staff will obtain informed consent from participants. Patients meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria and who agree to participate will be enrolled for the duration of the study.The study will be conducted as an outpatient study. One hundred and fifty (150) patients will be randomized 2:1 to ketotifen/indomethacin or placebo. The primary objectives is as follows: To evaluate the safety ketotifen and indomethacin, in combination, in COVID-19 patients. Hypothesis: This drug combination will be safe in COVID-19 patients, with no increase in adverse events, and no increased severity of COVID-19 disease. (clinical endpoint) To investigate the effectiveness of ketotifen and indomethacin for improving clinical measures of respiratory function and/or resolution of COVID-19 symptoms. Hypothesis: Combination treatment of COVID-19 patients with ketotifen and indomethacin will improve patient measures of shortness of breath and/or promote the resolution of COVID-19 respiratory symptoms, shortening the duration of those symptoms. (clinical endpoint)

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
COVID-19 Respiratory Infection

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Phase 3
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
ParticipantCare ProviderInvestigatorOutcomes Assessor
Masking Description
Patients will be provided identical appearing pills
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
150 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Study Drug
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Ketotifen 2 mg administered in tablet form twice a day (every 12 hr). Indomethacin sustained-release (SR) 75 mg, twice a day (every 12 hr). Patients will be administered 28 doses in total of ketotifen/indomethacin combination.
Arm Title
Placebo
Arm Type
Placebo Comparator
Arm Description
Placebo pills matching in appearance to study drug twice a day for 28 doses total.
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Ketotifen/Indomethacin
Other Intervention Name(s)
Zaditor, Indocin SR, Tivorbex
Intervention Description
2 mg tablet, 75 mg SR tablet
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Placebo
Intervention Description
Matching placebo tablet
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Study Day 14
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Development of severe disease
Description
Severe disease defined as hypoxia to room air pulse oximetry below 93%
Time Frame
28 days
Title
Development of severe disease
Description
Severe disease defined as hypoxia to room air pulse oximetry below 93%
Time Frame
84 days
Title
Development of severe disease
Description
Severe disease defined as hypoxia to room air pulse oximetry below 93%
Time Frame
14 days
Title
Proportion and number of medically attended visits related to COVID-19
Description
Need for emergency department visit or hospitalization for symptoms of COVID-19
Time Frame
28 days
Title
Proportion and number of medically attended visits related to COVID-19
Description
Need for emergency department visit or hospitalization for symptoms of COVID-19
Time Frame
84 days
Title
Need for hospitalization
Description
inpatient hospitalization
Time Frame
28 days
Title
Need for hospitalization
Description
inpatient hospitalization
Time Frame
84 days
Title
Intensive care unit admission
Description
Intensive care unit admission
Time Frame
28 days
Title
Intensive care unit admission
Description
Intensive care unit admission
Time Frame
84 days
Title
Supplemental oxygen
Description
Clinical care provider prescribing supplemental oxygen
Time Frame
28 days
Title
Supplemental oxygen
Description
Clinical care provider prescribing supplemental oxygen
Time Frame
84 days
Title
Need for mechanical ventilation
Description
Clinical care provider prescribing mechanical ventilation
Time Frame
28 days
Title
Need for mechanical ventilation
Description
Clinical care provider prescribing mechanical ventilation
Time Frame
84 days
Title
severe functional disability (WHO ordinal scale)
Description
WHO Ordinal Scale
Time Frame
28 days
Title
severe functional disability (WHO ordinal scale)
Description
WHO Ordinal Scale
Time Frame
84 days
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 84
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 2
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 3
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 4
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 5
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 6
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 7
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 8
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 9
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 10
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 11
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 12
Title
UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
Description
24-item measure that assesses self-reported shortness of breath while performing a variety of activities of daily living.
Time Frame
Day 13
Title
Serum chymase concentration
Description
Serum chymase concentration
Time Frame
day 10
Title
Serum chymase concentration
Description
Serum chymase concentration
Time Frame
day 5
Title
Serum chymase concentration
Description
Serum chymase concentration
Time Frame
day 3
Title
coagulation
Description
Hematocrit, platelets, PT/PTT
Time Frame
day 3
Title
coagulation
Description
Hematocrit, platelets, PT/PTT
Time Frame
day 5
Title
coagulation
Description
Hematocrit, platelets, PT/PTT
Time Frame
day 10
Title
Patient Global Improvement Score
Description
A questionnaire that results in a numerical value that is the sum of the patients responses to questions on a likert scale
Time Frame
Day 14
Title
Patient Global Improvement Score
Description
A questionnaire that results in a numerical value that is the sum of the patients responses to questions on a likert scale
Time Frame
Day 84
Title
Patient Global Improvement Score
Description
A questionnaire that results in a numerical value that is the sum of the patients responses to questions on a likert scale
Time Frame
Day 28
Title
Incidence of associated symptoms of COVID-19
Description
Incidence of symptoms associated with allergy, respiratory viral infection, and/or vascular pathology
Time Frame
Day 14
Title
Incidence of associated symptoms of COVID-19
Description
Incidence of symptoms associated with allergy, respiratory viral infection, and/or vascular pathology
Time Frame
Day 28
Title
Incidence of associated symptoms of COVID-19
Description
Incidence of symptoms associated with allergy, respiratory viral infection, and/or vascular pathology
Time Frame
Day 84
Title
adverse effect profile
Description
incidence of GI upset, ulcers, and renal function
Time Frame
Day 14
Title
adverse effect profile
Description
incidence of GI upset, ulcers, and renal function
Time Frame
Day 28
Title
adverse effect profile
Description
incidence of GI upset, ulcers, and renal function
Time Frame
Day 84

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
75 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Adult patients aged 18-75 years Has SARS-CoV-2-positive antigen or molecular diagnostic test (validated SARS-CoV-2 antigen, RT-PCR, or other molecular diagnostic assay from a sample collected no more than 7 days prior to enrollment. At least two signs or symptoms of disease consistent with acute COVID-19 infection. One of these two symptoms must include cough OR shortness of breath with onset within 7 days prior to randomization. Other symptoms that qualify include: Fever nausea vomiting diarrhea muscle aches fatigue headache loss of smell or taste others that are consistent with acute COVID-19 infection in the opinion of the Investigator. Able and willing to give written or oral informed consent Willing to be an outpatient from Study Day 1 to 14, to provide blood during patient visits on Study Days 1, 3, 5, and 10, return on Study Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 for assessment. Willing to keep a diary of pain medication usage, side effects, and COVID-19 associated symptoms and answer a follow-up questionnaire on Study Day 84. Exclusion Criteria: Clinical signs and symptoms for severe COVID-19, such as: Need for hospitalization at the time of screening Need for supplemental O2 at the time of screening A person with any of the following laboratory values: AST or ALT >/= 1000 U/L Known serum creatinine > 1.6 mg/dL Prior use of any of the following treatments: COVID-19 convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, IVIG (for COVID-19), or COVID-19 treatments (authorized, approved, or investigational) Current usage (within the last 7 days prior to randomization) of any of the following drugs: anticoagulant drugs including, but not limited to, aspirin, warfarin, or clopidogrel. systemic corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications for any indication drugs that are known to block the functions of ketotifen, such as propranolol. oral anti-diabetic agents diflunisal or other drugs (or drugs at certain doses) that are contraindicated for concurrent use with Indomethacin Prior vaccination of at least one dose of vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Has participated, is participating, or plans to participate in a clinical research study evaluating any authorized, approved, or investigational drug SARS-CoV-2 Any other clinically significant acute illness within 7 days prior to first study drug administration that would impact outcome assessment. Patients with a history of any gastrointestinal bleeding requiring medical care. Exposure to any new investigational agent within 30 days prior to the study drug administration. Clinically significant abnormal physical examination unrelated to COVID-19 infection that would impact outcome assessment. Females who are pregnant or breast feeding. Current significant medical condition or illness including cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy or other cardiac disease, advanced renal disease, immunocompromised state including known HIV infection, or any other illness that the Investigator considers should exclude the patient, especially those that require continuation of other medications likely to have an interaction with the study drug. Patients with a history of allergy will not be excluded unless the allergy may be directed to the Study Drug, other NSAIDs, or other tablet ingredient. Any condition that would render the informed consent invalid, or limit the ability of the patient to comply with the study requirements. Inability to comply with completing the outcome assessment measure(s). Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would complicate or compromise the study or well-being of the patient.
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Thomas A Dahl, Ph.D
Phone
617-818-2735
Email
tadahl@sen-jam.com
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Alexander T Limkakeng, MD
Organizational Affiliation
Duke University
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Dhulikhel Hospital
City
Kavre
State/Province
Bagmati
Country
Nepal
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Name
Global Clinical Research Pvt. Ltd.
City
Kathmandu
ZIP/Postal Code
44600
Country
Nepal
Individual Site Status
Not yet recruiting

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
32513850
Citation
St John AL, Rathore APS. Early Insights into Immune Responses during COVID-19. J Immunol. 2020 Aug 1;205(3):555-564. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000526. Epub 2020 Jun 8.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
20498670
Citation
Abraham SN, St John AL. Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Jun;10(6):440-52. doi: 10.1038/nri2782.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
23606723
Citation
St John AL, Abraham SN. Innate immunity and its regulation by mast cells. J Immunol. 2013 May 1;190(9):4458-63. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203420.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
32563779
Citation
Rathore AP, St John AL. Protective and pathogenic roles for mast cells during viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol. 2020 Oct;66:74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.05.003. Epub 2020 Jun 18.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
33810356
Citation
Kiani P, Scholey A, Dahl TA, McMann L, Iversen JM, Verster JC. In Vitro Assessment of the Antiviral Activity of Ketotifen, Indomethacin and Naproxen, Alone and in Combination, against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2021 Mar 26;13(4):558. doi: 10.3390/v13040558.
Results Reference
background

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Ketotifen and Indomethacin Combination Treatment Clinical Trial for COVID-19

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