Predictors of Treatment Failure Among Patients With Gunshot Wounds and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Gunshot Entry Wound
About this trial
This is an interventional treatment trial for Gunshot Entry Wound focused on measuring Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- gunshot wounds
- post-traumatic stress disorder
- patients who need anesthesia
Exclusion Criteria:
- the patient has no post-traumatic stress disorder
- the patient has no gunshot wounds
Sites / Locations
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm 3
Other
Other
Other
Group І received general anesthesia (n=53)
Group II received regional anesthesia: peripheral block was performed (n=73)
Group III received regional anesthesia with sedation (n=92)
The sedation with constant rate infusion of 1% propofol, 1-4mg/kg/h, guided by Bispectral analysis (60-70 - for regional anesthesia and 40-60 - for the general one). 0.005% fentanyl analgesia was injected, 3-10 mkg/kg or 0.05-0.2 mkg/kg/min during induction; and 2-10 mkg/kg/h for maintaining analgesia, by periodic bolus injection 25-100 mkg or by permanent infusion. The postoperative pain management of the I group patients was provided according to the local clinical protocol: paracetamol+/-non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs +/-opioids. The PTSD progress and treatment effectiveness were estimated using the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, anesthesia risks - the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, pain intensity - the visual analogue scale, neuropathic pain component - the Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions.
The regional anesthesia was guided by ultrasound (apparatus Mindray DP-30 with linear array probe 5-10 MHz). A needle was inserted near the nerve roots and 20-30 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected. The postoperative pain management - repeated peripheral block or prolonged regional anesthesia with 0.25% bupivacaine solution. The PTSD progress and treatment effectiveness were estimated using the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, anesthesia risks - the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, pain intensity - the visual analogue scale, neuropathic pain component - the Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions.
The regional anesthesia was guided by ultrasound (apparatus Mindray DP-30 with linear array probe 5-10 MHz). A needle was inserted near the nerve roots and 20-30 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected. The postoperative pain management - repeated peripheral block or prolonged regional anesthesia with 0.25% bupivacaine solution. The PTSD progress and treatment effectiveness were estimated using the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, anesthesia risks - the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, pain intensity - the visual analogue scale, neuropathic pain component - the Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions.