Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage II or Stage III Bladder Cancer

Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage II or Stage III Bladder Cancer

2X2 Factorial Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Standard Versus Reduced Volume Radiotherapy With and Without Synchronous Chemotherapy in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy such as fluorouracil and mitomycin use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Fluorouracil and mitomycin may make the tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. It is not yet known if radiation therapy is more effective with or without chemotherapy in treating bladder cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy to all or part of the bladder with or without chemotherapy in treating patients who have stage II or stage III bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Compare the efficacy of standard volume radiotherapy vs reduced volume radiotherapy with or without synchronous fluorouracil and mitomycin in patients with stage II or III (muscle invasive) bladder cancer. OUTLINE: This is a randomized, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to participating center, prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy (yes vs no), and intent to enter only 1 of the possible 2 randomizations on study (yes vs no). Patients are randomized to one of two treatment arms. Arm I: Patients undergo standard radiotherapy once daily 5 days a week for 4 or 6.5 weeks. Patients also receive synchronous chemotherapy comprising mitomycin IV on day 1 and fluorouracil IV continuously over days 1-5 and 16-20 during radiotherapy. Arm II: Patients undergo standard radiotherapy as in arm I (without chemotherapy). If standard radiotherapy is clearly indicated (e.g., patients with multiple tumors) patients may be randomized to standard radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy (arms I or III above). If chemotherapy is clearly contraindicated, patients are randomized to standard or reduced volume radiotherapy without chemotherapy (arms III or IV above). Quality of life is assessed at baseline, at the end of therapy, at 6 and 12 months post-randomization, and then annually for at least 5 years. Patients are followed at 6, 9, and 12 months post-randomization and then at least annually thereafter. Peer Reviewed and Funded or Endorsed by Cancer Research UK PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 350 patients will be accrued for this study.

stage II bladder cancer, stage III bladder cancer, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, adenocarcinoma of the bladder

Disease-free survival, metastases-free survival, and late toxicity by RTOG and Lent Som toxicity scores, Bladder capacity, and patient assessed Fact-BL quality of life scores at 1 and 2 years

DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: Histologically confirmed invasive bladder cancer (T2-4a, N0, M0) Adenocarcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Localized muscle invasion by surgery or imaging PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS: Age: 18 and over Performance status: WHO 0-2 Life expectancy: Not specified Hematopoietic: WBC greater than 4,000/mm^3 Platelet count greater than 100,000/mm^3 Hepatic: Bilirubin less than 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) ALT or AST less than 1.5 times ULN Renal: Glomerular filtration rate greater than 25 mL/min Other: Not pregnant Negative pregnancy test Fertile patients must use effective contraception No inflammatory bowel disease No other prior malignancy within the past 2 years except adequately treated basal cell skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix No other prior malignancy or uncontrolled systemic disease that would preclude study participation PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY: Biologic therapy: Not specified Chemotherapy: Not specified Endocrine therapy: Not specified Radiotherapy: No prior radiotherapy to the pelvis Surgery: See Disease Characteristics No bilateral hip replacements Other: No concurrent metronidazole during fluorouracil administration

James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, Jenkins P, Tremlett J, Rawlings C, Crundwell M, Sizer B, Sreenivasan T, Hendron C, Lewis R, Waters R, Huddart RA; BC2001 Investigators. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 19;366(16):1477-88. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1106106.

Choudhury A, Porta N, Hall E, Song YP, Owen R, MacKay R, West CML, Lewis R, Hussain SA, James ND, Huddart R, Hoskin P; BC2001 and BCON investigators. Hypofractionated radiotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer: an individual patient data meta-analysis of the BC2001 and BCON trials. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Feb;22(2):246-255. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30607-0.