Randomized Trial: Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Childhood Asthma (VDAART) (VDAART)

Vitamin D supplementation given to pregnant women will prevent asthma in their offspring and children.

Asthma is one of the leading causes of morbidity in children with 60% of all cases diagnosed by age 3. Thus, finding factors that can lead to prevention of this disease would be of great public health importance. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among pregnant women, and thus, represents a potentially modifiable factor for the prevention of disease. Due to the effect of vitamin D in modulating immune responses, we believe that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant mothers leads to faulty immune system development in the neonate, predisposing them to asthma and allergy. We have observational data from two independent birth cohort studies that higher maternal intakes of vitamin D during pregnancy are each independently associated with a 50% reduction in risk for recurrent wheezing and asthma in 3- and 5-yr old children. However, in order to recommend this as a universal treatment to prevent asthma, a randomized, controlled, clinical trial is necessary. Therefore, we propose a two arm, double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, clinical trial of Vitamin D, to determine whether higher vitamin D intake and levels in the pregnant mother will prevent asthma and allergy in the child at age 3. We will identify pregnant women who have asthma or allergies or whose partner has asthma or allergies, from obstetric clinics in the three clinical centers participating in this trial. We will recruit 870 pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy and randomize them to one of two treatment arms of a 4-year clinical trial: 4000 IU of Vitamin D in addition to usual prenatal vitamins, n=435; and usual prenatal vitamins alone, n=435. Our primary specific aim is to determine whether adequate vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with reduced incidence of asthma in the child during the first 3 years of life. The sub-aims of the study will include (1) To determine whether adequate vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with reduced secondary outcomes in the child of (a) allergic sensitization, (b) doctor's diagnosis of eczema and (c) lower respiratory tract infections during the first 3 years of life; and (2) To determine whether adequate vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with improved vitamin D status in the mothers and their offspring through measurement of 25(OH)D levels in maternal plasma, cord blood, and children's blood at 1 and 3 yrs of age and (3)To determine whether sufficient vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with reduced incidence of preterm birth (birth <37 weeks gestation), preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and/or Hemolytic anemia, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count (HELLP syndrome) (PB/PE) compared to a usual care control group in VDAART. VDAART Analysis Plan (Addendum to Protocol) All analyses of primary and secondary outcomes stated in the VDAART Protocol will be performed using the intent-to-treat (ITT) paradigm, unless specifically stated. I. Definition of outcomes. A. Asthma and recurrent wheezing. The primary outcome of the trial will be development of a doctor's diagnosis of asthma and/or recurrent wheeze. While asthma is acknowledged to have its roots in early life, making a definite diagnosis is difficult until the child is older, and wheezing illnesses may be precursors of an asthma diagnosis. Thus, we will have a composite definition for the primary outcome. Asthma will be defined as a parent's report of physician's diagnosis at any time during the first three years of life, based on questionnaire responses. For time-to-event analyses, the time of incident asthma will be determined by the time of first positive questionnaire response. Recurrent wheezing will be defined as at least one report of wheezing in the third year of life plus any report of wheezing in any of the first two years of life. Recognizing that wheezing symptoms may be modified by medication use, variable age of onset, and other variables, the following will be included in the composite outcome: children who had at least one wheezing episode (during the 1st 2 years of life), plus an asthma controller medication (defined as steroid inhalers or nebulizers OR steroid pills or liquids OR leukotriene modifiers) in the third year children who did not report any wheezing in the first 2 years but who report 2 separate episodes of wheezing in the third year OR are on controller medication (defined as above) on at least 2 separate reports in the third year OR at least 1 report of wheezing and at least 1 separate report of controller medication use in the third year For recurrent wheezing (and the other wheezing phenotypes), the time of incident recurrent wheezing will be determined by the time of first report of wheezing, for time-to-event analyses. In the event that the child meets the definition based solely on the use of controller medication, the first report of use of this controller medication will be used to determine the time of onset of wheezing for time-to-event analyses. For these outcomes, because the questions were asked every 3 months, and recognizing that missing questionnaires occurred, event times will be treated as interval-censored. B. Eczema. Eczema will be defined as a positive response to parent's report of physician's diagnosis at any time during the first three years of life based on the questionnaire responses. C. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRI). Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) will be defined based on parental responses to questionnaires. LRIs will be defined as a parental report of a physician's diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or croup (laryngotracheobronchitis). LRIs may occur multiple times over a three-year period in a child. Information on repeated episodes of LRI will be employed for rate estimation and comparison. D. Total and specific IgE. Total and specific serum IgE will be measured from cord blood samples, and from year 3 samples from the children. Total IgE will be analyzed as a continuous outcome. Sensitization will be defined as any specific IgE ≥ 0.35 IU. II. Secondary Analyses. A. Analyses based on levels. Secondary analyses using baseline and follow-up maternal 25OHD levels will be performed. We will investigate the effect of baseline and follow-up maternal levels separately on the development of primary and secondary outcomes in the trial. Additionally, we will categorize mothers into categories based on joint baseline and follow-up levels. Mothers who have baseline levels and follow-up levels ≥ 40 mg/dl will be categorized in the HI-HI group; those who have baseline levels and follow-up levels < 40 mg/dl will be categorized in the LO-LO group; mothers who do not meet these definitions will be categorized either in the HI-LO or LO-HI groups based on their baseline and follow-up levels. B. We also performed metabolomics on the children at age 1 and 3 and eventually age 6. We are assessing the association with vitamin D, asthma, and other phenotypes such as food allergies, IgE, and lung function with metabolites and genetic variants. C. As an ancillary study, we have collected stool samples from the mothers in the 3rd trimester, and samples from the infants and children at 3-6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. We will sequence the stool samples for the microbiome, and we will assess the effects of the early life microbiome on the development of asthma, allergies (including food allergies and sensitization), growth and development, and obesity. D. In a secondary analyses, we will determine the effect of 17q21 genotype on the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of asthma/wheeze. We will compute hazard ratios for the reduction in asthma/wheeze risk associated with prenatal supplementation, stratified by rs12936231. rs12936231 is a functional SNP influencing expression of ORMDL3, and given the role of ORMDL3 as a key sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator, we will subsequently investigate the relative abundance of sphingolipids between those in the vitamin D Intervention arm and those in the placebo group, stratified by 17q21 genotype. Relative abundance is quantified by normalizing the peak area of a metabolite to the median peak area of that metabolite within the same batch on the day the sample was run. The normalized peak area is then median scaled and imputed with the minimum across all samples. In this way, we can directly compare abundances relative to other samples for each metabolite. Relative abundance has no unit of measure. Finally we will identify interactions between prenatal vitamin D supplementation, rs12936231 genotype and sphingolipid metabolism in the risk of asthma/wheeze by age three. We will replicate this analysis in the COPSAC2010 population (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT00856947). VDAART Year 6 Analysis Plan PRIMARY ANALYSIS: The null hypothesis of no treatment effect will be tested in a Cox Proportional Hazards Model of time to physician diagnosed asthma or onset of recurrent wheeze, adjusted for maternal levels of Vitamin D recorded at 10-18 weeks gestation, allowing for level by treatment interaction, and for any other relevant baseline covariates (race, maternal education, and clinical center), using the methods of Tsiatis et al. (Stat Med. 2008 October 15; 27(23): 4658-4677) to maximize precision of estimated treatment effect. The significance level for the test of no treatment effect will be 0.05. SECONDARY ANALYSES: Effect estimates from all secondary analyses will be reported as point estimates with nominal 95% confidence intervals. Estimates will be derived from models adjusted for baseline maternal levels of Vitamin D as noted above. Current active asthma, late onset recurrent wheeze, allergic sensitization, any allergic rhinitis, MD-diagnosed food allergy, food allergy with symptoms, eczema: Analysis is confined to individuals who provide data after age 5. Loss to followup is reasonably balanced between arms. Logistic regression will be used to test the hypothesis that there is no effect of treatment on risk of current active asthma. Separate tests will be conducted for no treatment effect on risk of late onset recurrent wheeze, on risk of allergic sensitization defined using specific IgE greater than or equal to 0.35IU, and on risk of allergic rhinitis birth to age 6. Similar models will be used separately to assess treatment effect on risk of eczema, active eczema, and food allergies. Lower respiratory infections: The count of LRI per unit time will be modeled using negative binomial regression with covariates including treatment arm. Impulse oscillometry: Analysis of treatment effect on impulse oscillometry components will be based on data available for 6 year old children, and will use linear modeling with adjustment for maternal baseline Vitamin D. A secondary analysis will examine treatment effect on trends in these measures through ages 4-6. This test will be based on mixed effects modeling. Spirometry: Spirometric outcomes will be analyzed using linear models with transformations as needed, adjusting for race, age, sex and height. Bronchodilator response will be dichotomized at 10% of pre-challenge values, analyzed with logistic regression. VDAART Asthma and/or Recurrent Wheeze Definitions for Primary Analysis (Time-to-Event) Physician-diagnosed asthma Report of physician-diagnosed asthma at any time in the first 6 years of life. The time of onset will be the first report of wheeze OR the first report of use of asthma medication. Recurrent wheeze - no diagnosis of asthma Caregiver report of wheeze OR use of any asthma medication on two separate years over the first 6 years. The time of onset will be the first report of wheeze OR the first report of use of asthma medication. VDAART Year 6 Analyses - Definitions for Secondary Outcomes Current Active Asthma Report of physician-diagnosed asthma at any time in the first 6 years of life, PLUS after the 5th birthday a) report of child's use of any asthma medication (see below) OR b) report of wheeze. Recurrent Wheeze at age 6 yrs - no diagnosis of asthma At least 1 caregiver report of wheeze OR use of any asthma medication prior to the 3rd birthday, PLUS a report of wheeze OR use of any asthma medication after the 3rd birthday. Late onset Recurrent wheeze - no diagnosis of asthma, wheeze, or asthma medication use prior to 3rd birthday A report of wheezing OR use of any asthma medication after the 5th birthday PLUS either wheezing or use of any asthma medication after the 3rd birthday but before the 5th birthday (between 3yrs and 5 yrs). Total and specific IgE. Total and specific serum IgE will be measured year 6 samples from the children. Total IgE will be analyzed as a continuous outcome. Sensitization will be defined as any specific IgE ≥ 0.35 IU to the panel of allergens. Allergic Rhinitis. This will be a positive response to the question "Since the last time we talked has a health care provider said that [CHILD] has hay fever, allergic rhinitis, or allergies involving the eyes or nose?" Any positive response from birth through age 6. Eczema. Ever eczema - positive response to "…has a health care provider said that [CHILD] has eczema?" at any time from birth through age 6. Persistent eczema. Ever eczema at any time in the 6 years plus positive response to "itchy rash which was coming and going but did not completely get better?" after the 3rd birthday. Lower Respiratory Infections (LRI). Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) will be defined based on caregiver responses to questionnaires. LRIs will be defined as a caregiver report of a physician's diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or croup (laryngotracheobronchitis). LRIs may occur multiple times over a six-year period in a child. Information on repeated episodes of LRI will be employed for rate estimation and comparison. Food Allergies. Doctor-diagnosis - any positive response from birth through age 6 to the question "In the last year, has a health care provider said that [CHILD] has food allergies? Food allergy with symptoms - Doctor-diagnosis of food allergy PLUS any reaction to specific foods from the grid. Lung Function. Impulse oscillometry: R5, R20, AX, X5, R5-20, and R5-20% These variables will be used as continuous variables. The variables are measured at 4, 5, and 6 years of age. The primary analysis will look at values at 6 yrs of age, and a secondary analysis will investigate the trajectory (longitudinal analysis) from age 4 through 6 yrs. Spirometry: pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC; Bronchodilator Response (BDR**). Analyses will adjust for race, age, sex, and height. Asthma medication: rescue (inhaled beta-agonists or systemic corticosteroids) or controller medication (inhaled corticosteroids monotherapy, ICS/Long-acting beta-agonists, or leukotriene modifiers) ** A positive BDR will be defined as a change of 10% from the baseline FEV1 after inhalation of albuterol

Parental report of physician diagnosis of asthma or occurrence of recurrent wheeze in the child's first 3 years of life ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."

Parental report of physician diagnosis of eczema with rash in typical distribution in the child's first 3 years of life ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."

Parental Report of Physician Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in the Child's First 3 Years of Life.

Parental report of physician diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in the child's first 3 years of life. LRI defined as physician diagnosed bronchitis, bronchiolitis, croup, or pneumonia ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months.

Any allergic sensitization in the child's first 3 years of life. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."

Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year one visit.

Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year three visit.

We extracted DNA and sequenced the bacterial 16S V4 hyper-variable region. The average number of 16S region reads sequenced per participant is provided here. Prior evidence suggests that read counts of at least 1,000 are adequate for 16S fecal microbiome profiling (Reference: Momozawa Y, et cal. Characterization of bacteria in biopsies of colon and stools by high throughput sequencing of the V2 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in human. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 10;6(2):e16952.)

Inclusion Criteria: Personal history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis or a history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis in the biological father of the child Gestational age between 10 and 18 weeks at the time of randomization Maternal age between 18 and 39 years Not a current smoker English or Spanish speaking Intent to participate for the full 4 years (through Pregnancy and then until the 3rd birthday of the child) Exclusion Criteria: Not meeting inclusion criteria Gestational age greater than 18 weeks Presence of chronic medical conditions Taking vitamin D supplements containing more than 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3 Multiple gestation pregnancy (twins, triplets) Pregnancy achieved by assisted reproduction techniques (e.g., IUI, IVF)

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