Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and Cholic Acid

University of Colorado, Denver, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, University of Pittsburgh

The purpose of this study is to determine whether dietary cholic acid therapy benefits people with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) by leading to an increase in serum cholesterol and reduction in harmful cholesterol precursors. SLOS participants will be treated with dietary cholic acid for 8 weeks and serum cholesterol and cholesterol precursor metabolites will be measured.

People with SLOS have a deficiency of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase enzyme that makes cholesterol. Consequently, they exhibit deficient cholesterol levels and increased cholesterol precursor lipids, which are thought to be toxic. Cholesterol itself normally regulates the cholesterol synthesis pathway in the body and under conditions of low serum cholesterol seen in SLOS, more of the toxic cholesterol precursors are made. Since cholesterol is also necessary for production of bile acids in the liver, which help digest dietary cholesterol from the intestine, it is likely that low cholesterol levels in SLOS impairs bile acids from being made, which in turn prevents dietary cholesterol from being absorbed properly and contributes to the cholesterol deficiency seen in SLOS. Raising serum cholesterol in SLOS people by improving its absorption from the diet is expected to decrease the potentially toxic cholesterol precursor lipids, and both changes would be theoretically beneficial for SLOS people. The objective of this study is to determine whether treatment with cholic acid (a major bile acid made in the body that improves fat absorption) will increase dietary absorption of cholesterol, reverse serum cholesterol deficiency, and reduce harmful cholesterol precursor lipids. These changes would be favorable for SLOS people. To accomplish this objective, SLOS participants will be given dietary cholic acid (brand name Cholbam, manufactured by Retrophin) for 8 weeks and serum cholesterol and its precursor lipids will be measured before and while taking the drug. SLOS participants who are between 2 years and 25 years of age and are taking supplemental dietary cholesterol for at least 3 months will be enrolled. Participants must be clinically stable and able to travel to a study site. No change in supplemental dietary cholesterol intake will be allowed during the study, and dietary records will be obtained throughout the study. To qualify for cholic acid therapy, participants must have two measurements of serum cholesterol ≤100 mg/dl within one month before starting cholic acid. Participants will be treated with cholic acid for 8 weeks and will have blood specimens drawn at baseline (day 0), 4-weeks, 8-weeks and 12 weeks (4 weeks after stopping cholic acid therapy).

Serum cholesterol will be measured along with 7-dehydrocholesterol, 8-dehydrocholesterol and oxysterols. Response to cholic acid treatment will consist of an increase in serum cholesterol and/or decrease in 7-dehydrocholesterol, 8-dehydrocholesterol and oxysterols.

Inclusion Criteria: Ages 2-25 years. Participants (or their parents/legally-authorized representative) must provide signed informed consent. Assent must be obtained from those participants ages 7-17 years who are intellectually capable of understanding this study. Diagnosis of SLOS based on clinical features and biochemical + genetic confirmation. Participants are capable of traveling to the STAIR study site. Fasting serum cholesterol ≤125 mg/dL on at least 2 specimens, each obtained at least 2 weeks apart during the Qualification Phase must be established before starting cholic acid therapy. Clinically stable at the time of enrollment Participants must be on a constant dietary cholesterol intake for at least 3-months prior to treatment with cholic acid. Participants must agree to make no changes in cholesterol supplementation during the STAIR study. SLOS participants who are taking antioxidants will be included. Participants must agree to make no changes in the antioxidant dose during this study. For females of childbearing age (who have begun menstruating), a negative pregnancy test must be documented at the start of the study (week 0/ baseline) and at the end of cholic acid administration (week 8). Exclusion Criteria: Participants are unable to provide signed informed consent and/or verbal assent. Participants have an unstable clinical condition that would prevent completion of the study. Medically unstable participants would include those with severe liver disease, complex birth defects such as severe heart disease or renal dysplasia, those with severe respiratory compromise requiring tracheostomy, or those who are not likely to survive longer than 1 year. Participants are taking drugs, nutraceuticals, probiotics or other compounds that are known or suspected to affect sterol metabolism. Participants have transaminase elevations (>3-fold above the reference range) at baseline.

All data will be de-identified and submitted to the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGAP), according to NIH regulations.