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Study of Etanercept Monotherapy vs Methotrexate Monotherapy for Maintenance of Rheumatoid Arthritis Remission

Primary Purpose

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Status
Completed
Phase
Phase 3
Locations
International
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
etanercept pre-filled syringe subcutaneous injection
Oral methotrexate
Placebo for etanercept subcutaneous injection
Placebo for methotrexate
Folic acid (non-investigational product)
Sponsored by
Amgen
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - undefined (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria (Part 1, Run-In Period):

  • Subjects must be adults with a history of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis;
  • Subjects must be in very good rheumatoid arthritis disease control for ≥ 6 months and be in remission as defined by a Simplified Disease Activity Index ≤ 3.3 at screening and at the end of the run-in period.
  • Subjects must be on etanercept 50 mg per week plus methotrexate therapy for ≥ 6 months prior to the start of the run-in period. The methotrexate dose must be 10 to 25 mg per week for ≥ 6 months prior to the start of the run-in period and the dose must be stable for ≥ 8 weeks prior to the start of the run-in period.
  • Subject has no known history of active tuberculosis, and has a negative test for tuberculosis during screening.

Exclusion Criteria (Part 1, Run-In Period):

  • Subject has used biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drug other than etanercept OR has used an oral janus kinase inhibitor ≤ 6 months prior to run-in visit 1
  • Subject has any active infection (including chronic or localized infections) for which anti-infectives were indicated within 4 weeks prior to run-in visit 1.
  • Subject has known alcohol addiction or dependency or uses alcohol daily.
  • Subject has one or more significant concurrent medical conditions per investigator judgment, including the following:

    • poorly controlled diabetes
    • chronic kidney disease stage IIIb, IV, or V
    • symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association class II, III, or IV)
    • myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris within the past 12 months prior to randomization
    • uncontrolled hypertension
    • severe chronic pulmonary disease (eg, requiring oxygen therapy)
    • multiple sclerosis or any other demyelinating disease
    • major chronic inflammatory disease or connective tissue disease other than rheumatoid arthritis (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus with the exception of secondary Sjögren's syndrome)

Inclusion Criteria (Part 2, Treatment Period):

  • SDAI ≤ 3.3 at run-in visit 3
  • Subject if female and not at least 2 years postmenopausal or history of hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy, has a negative urine pregnancy test at baseline (day 1).

Exclusion Criteria (Part 2, Treatment Period):

  • Any clinically significant change in the Part 1 eligibility criteria during the run-in period
  • SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on two consecutive visits at least two weeks apart OR SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on two or more separate visits OR SDAI > 11 at any time during the run-in period
  • Subject has a clinically significant laboratory abnormality during run-in period which in the opinion of the investigator poses a safety risk, will prevent the subject from completing the study, or will interfere with the interpretation of the study results during the run-in period.

NOTE: Other inclusion/exclusion criteria may apply per protocol.

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Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm 3

Arm 4

Arm Type

Experimental

Experimental

Experimental

Experimental

Arm Label

Open Label Run-In: Etanercept plus Methotrexate

Double-Blind Treatment: Methotrexate Monotherapy

Double-Blind Treatment: Etanercept Monotherapy

Double-Blind Treatment: Etanercept plus Methotrexate

Arm Description

Etanercept 50 mg weekly by subcutaneous injection plus oral methotrexate 10 to 25 mg weekly for 24 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care.

Oral methotrexate 10 to 25 mg weekly plus placebo for etanercept for 48 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care. After randomization, a participant experiencing protocol-defined disease worsening will initiate rescue treatment with etanercept 50 mg QW plus methotrexate (10 to 25 mg).

Etanercept 50 mg weekly by subcutaneous injection plus placebo for methotrexate for 48 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care. After randomization, a participant experiencing protocol-defined disease worsening will initiate rescue treatment with etanercept 50 mg QW plus methotrexate (10 to 25 mg).

Etanercept 50 mg weekly by subcutaneous injection plus oral methotrexate 10 to 25 mg weekly for 48 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care. After randomization, a participant experiencing protocol-defined disease worsening will continue on the assigned treatments (as rescue treatment).

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Percentage of Participants With Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) Remission (≤ 3.3) at Week 48: Etanercept Monotherapy vs. Methotrexate Monotherapy
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Percentage of Participants With SDAI Remission (≤ 3.3) at Week 48: Etanercept and Methotrexate vs. Methotrexate Monotherapy
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
SDAI Score at All Measured Timepoints
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease.
Change From Baseline in SDAI Score at All Measured Timepoints
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Disease Activity Score (28 Joint) Calculated Using the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Formula (DAS28-ESR) at All Measured Timepoints
The DAS28-ESR is a modified composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, ESR in mm/hr, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health, from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-ESR scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity.
Change From Baseline in DAS28-ESR at All Measured Timepoints
The DAS28-ESR is a modified composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, ESR in mm/hr, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health, from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-ESR scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Disease Activity Score (28 Joint) Using the C-Reactive Protein Formula (DAS28-CRP) at All Measured Timepoints
The DAS28-CRP is a composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, CRP in mg/L, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-CRP scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity.
Change From Baseline in DAS28-CRP at All Measured Timepoints
The DAS28-CRP is a composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, CRP in mg/L, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-CRP scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at All Measured Timepoints
The CDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, and Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable. The CDAI score ranges from 0 to 76, where a higher score represents worse disease.
Change From Baseline in CDAI at All Measured Timepoints
The CDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, and Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable. The CDAI score ranges from 0 to 76, where a higher score represents worse disease. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Percentage of Participants With SDAI Remission (≤ 3.3) at All Measured Timepoints
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Percentage of Participants With Boolean Remission at All Measured Timepoints
A participant achieves Boolean remission (66/68-joint count) if all of the following criteria are met at a single timepoint: 68-joint tender joint count ≤ 1 66-joint swollen joint count ≤ 1 CRP (mg/dL) ≤ 1 Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS (where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 10=worst arthritis activity imaginable) ≤ 1.
Percentage of Participants With Disease Worsening
Percentage of participants who fulfilled disease-worsening criteria for the first time is presented. Disease worsening is defined as any of the following: an SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 during 2 consecutive visits at least 2 weeks apart SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on 3 or more separate visits SDAI > 11 after randomization. The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time to Disease Worsening
Disease worsening is defined as any of the following: an SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 during 2 consecutive visits at least 2 weeks apart SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on 3 or more separate visits SDAI > 11 after randomization. The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time to Recapture SDAI Remission After Starting Rescue Treatment
In participants who receive rescue treatment during the double-blind treatment period. The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Percentage of Participants Receiving Rescue Treatment Who Experienced SDAI Remission at Week 48
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.

Full Information

First Posted
January 12, 2015
Last Updated
January 9, 2023
Sponsor
Amgen
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT02373813
Brief Title
Study of Etanercept Monotherapy vs Methotrexate Monotherapy for Maintenance of Rheumatoid Arthritis Remission
Official Title
A Randomized Withdrawal Double-blind Study of Etanercept Monotherapy Compared to Methotrexate Monotherapy for Maintenance of Remission in Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
January 2023
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
February 20, 2015 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
December 6, 2019 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
December 6, 2019 (Actual)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
Amgen

4. Oversight

Data Monitoring Committee
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of etanercept monotherapy compared to methotrexate monotherapy on maintenance of remission in participants with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were on etanercept plus methotrexate therapy. This is a multicenter, randomized withdrawal, double-blind controlled study in participants with rheumatoid arthritis on etanercept plus methotrexate therapy who are in very good disease control for 6 months prior to study entry. The study will consist of a 30-day screening period, a 24-week open label run-in period, a 48-week double-blind treatment period and a 30-day safety follow-up period.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Rheumatoid Arthritis

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Phase 3
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
ParticipantCare ProviderInvestigatorOutcomes Assessor
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
371 (Actual)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Open Label Run-In: Etanercept plus Methotrexate
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Etanercept 50 mg weekly by subcutaneous injection plus oral methotrexate 10 to 25 mg weekly for 24 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care.
Arm Title
Double-Blind Treatment: Methotrexate Monotherapy
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Oral methotrexate 10 to 25 mg weekly plus placebo for etanercept for 48 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care. After randomization, a participant experiencing protocol-defined disease worsening will initiate rescue treatment with etanercept 50 mg QW plus methotrexate (10 to 25 mg).
Arm Title
Double-Blind Treatment: Etanercept Monotherapy
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Etanercept 50 mg weekly by subcutaneous injection plus placebo for methotrexate for 48 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care. After randomization, a participant experiencing protocol-defined disease worsening will initiate rescue treatment with etanercept 50 mg QW plus methotrexate (10 to 25 mg).
Arm Title
Double-Blind Treatment: Etanercept plus Methotrexate
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Etanercept 50 mg weekly by subcutaneous injection plus oral methotrexate 10 to 25 mg weekly for 48 weeks. Participants also receive folic acid as standard of care. After randomization, a participant experiencing protocol-defined disease worsening will continue on the assigned treatments (as rescue treatment).
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
etanercept pre-filled syringe subcutaneous injection
Other Intervention Name(s)
Enbrel, AMG916
Intervention Description
etanercept for injection in pre-filled syringes
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Oral methotrexate
Intervention Description
During the open-label run-in period, methotrexate will be provided as 2.5 mg tablets. During the double-blind treatment period, methotrexate will be provided as 2.5 mg capsules.
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Placebo for etanercept subcutaneous injection
Intervention Description
etanercept placebo for injection in pre-filled syringes
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Placebo for methotrexate
Intervention Description
methotrexate placebo capsules
Intervention Type
Dietary Supplement
Intervention Name(s)
Folic acid (non-investigational product)
Intervention Description
Folic acid 5 to 7 mg per week as per investigator judgment or according to local standard of care.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Percentage of Participants With Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) Remission (≤ 3.3) at Week 48: Etanercept Monotherapy vs. Methotrexate Monotherapy
Description
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time Frame
Week 48
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Percentage of Participants With SDAI Remission (≤ 3.3) at Week 48: Etanercept and Methotrexate vs. Methotrexate Monotherapy
Description
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time Frame
Week 48
Title
SDAI Score at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Change From Baseline in SDAI Score at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Disease Activity Score (28 Joint) Calculated Using the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Formula (DAS28-ESR) at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The DAS28-ESR is a modified composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, ESR in mm/hr, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health, from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-ESR scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Change From Baseline in DAS28-ESR at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The DAS28-ESR is a modified composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, ESR in mm/hr, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health, from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-ESR scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Disease Activity Score (28 Joint) Using the C-Reactive Protein Formula (DAS28-CRP) at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The DAS28-CRP is a composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, CRP in mg/L, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-CRP scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Change From Baseline in DAS28-CRP at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The DAS28-CRP is a composite index that was designed to measure disease activity using the number of tender and swollen joints based upon a 28-joint count, CRP in mg/L, and a 100 mm VAS measuring the participant's general health from 0 (best) to 100 (worst). DAS28-CRP scores range from 0 to 9.4, where higher scores represent higher disease activity. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The CDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, and Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable. The CDAI score ranges from 0 to 76, where a higher score represents worse disease.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Change From Baseline in CDAI at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The CDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, and Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable. The CDAI score ranges from 0 to 76, where a higher score represents worse disease. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Percentage of Participants With SDAI Remission (≤ 3.3) at All Measured Timepoints
Description
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Percentage of Participants With Boolean Remission at All Measured Timepoints
Description
A participant achieves Boolean remission (66/68-joint count) if all of the following criteria are met at a single timepoint: 68-joint tender joint count ≤ 1 66-joint swollen joint count ≤ 1 CRP (mg/dL) ≤ 1 Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS (where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 10=worst arthritis activity imaginable) ≤ 1.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Percentage of Participants With Disease Worsening
Description
Percentage of participants who fulfilled disease-worsening criteria for the first time is presented. Disease worsening is defined as any of the following: an SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 during 2 consecutive visits at least 2 weeks apart SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on 3 or more separate visits SDAI > 11 after randomization. The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time Frame
Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
Title
Time to Disease Worsening
Description
Disease worsening is defined as any of the following: an SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 during 2 consecutive visits at least 2 weeks apart SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on 3 or more separate visits SDAI > 11 after randomization. The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time Frame
up to Week 48
Title
Time to Recapture SDAI Remission After Starting Rescue Treatment
Description
In participants who receive rescue treatment during the double-blind treatment period. The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time Frame
Between rescue and remission or Week 48, whichever comes first.
Title
Percentage of Participants Receiving Rescue Treatment Who Experienced SDAI Remission at Week 48
Description
The SDAI is a composite score that is based on the number of tender and swollen joints using a 28-joint count, Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a visual analog scale (VAS) where 0=no activity at all and 100=worst activity imaginable, Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity using a VAS where 0=no arthritis activity at all and 100=worst arthritis activity imaginable, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dL. The SDAI score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores representing worse disease. SDAI remission was defined as a score of ≤ 3.3.
Time Frame
Week 48

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria (Part 1, Run-In Period): Subjects must be adults with a history of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis; Subjects must be in very good rheumatoid arthritis disease control for ≥ 6 months and be in remission as defined by a Simplified Disease Activity Index ≤ 3.3 at screening and at the end of the run-in period. Subjects must be on etanercept 50 mg per week plus methotrexate therapy for ≥ 6 months prior to the start of the run-in period. The methotrexate dose must be 10 to 25 mg per week for ≥ 6 months prior to the start of the run-in period and the dose must be stable for ≥ 8 weeks prior to the start of the run-in period. Subject has no known history of active tuberculosis, and has a negative test for tuberculosis during screening. Exclusion Criteria (Part 1, Run-In Period): Subject has used biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drug other than etanercept OR has used an oral janus kinase inhibitor ≤ 6 months prior to run-in visit 1 Subject has any active infection (including chronic or localized infections) for which anti-infectives were indicated within 4 weeks prior to run-in visit 1. Subject has known alcohol addiction or dependency or uses alcohol daily. Subject has one or more significant concurrent medical conditions per investigator judgment, including the following: poorly controlled diabetes chronic kidney disease stage IIIb, IV, or V symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association class II, III, or IV) myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris within the past 12 months prior to randomization uncontrolled hypertension severe chronic pulmonary disease (eg, requiring oxygen therapy) multiple sclerosis or any other demyelinating disease major chronic inflammatory disease or connective tissue disease other than rheumatoid arthritis (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus with the exception of secondary Sjögren's syndrome) Inclusion Criteria (Part 2, Treatment Period): SDAI ≤ 3.3 at run-in visit 3 Subject if female and not at least 2 years postmenopausal or history of hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy, has a negative urine pregnancy test at baseline (day 1). Exclusion Criteria (Part 2, Treatment Period): Any clinically significant change in the Part 1 eligibility criteria during the run-in period SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on two consecutive visits at least two weeks apart OR SDAI > 3.3 and ≤ 11 on two or more separate visits OR SDAI > 11 at any time during the run-in period Subject has a clinically significant laboratory abnormality during run-in period which in the opinion of the investigator poses a safety risk, will prevent the subject from completing the study, or will interfere with the interpretation of the study results during the run-in period. NOTE: Other inclusion/exclusion criteria may apply per protocol.
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
MD
Organizational Affiliation
Amgen
Official's Role
Study Director
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Birmingham
State/Province
Alabama
ZIP/Postal Code
35205
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Birmingham
State/Province
Alabama
ZIP/Postal Code
35294
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Huntsville
State/Province
Alabama
ZIP/Postal Code
35801
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Glendale
State/Province
Arizona
ZIP/Postal Code
85306
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Mesa
State/Province
Arizona
ZIP/Postal Code
85202
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Phoenix
State/Province
Arizona
ZIP/Postal Code
85037
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Scottsdale
State/Province
Arizona
ZIP/Postal Code
85258
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Escondido
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92025
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Fontana
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92335
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Hemet
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92543
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Huntington Beach
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92646
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
La Jolla
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92037
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Murrieta
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92563
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Orange
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92868
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Sacramento
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
95817
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Santa Maria
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
93454-6945
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Torrance
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
90502
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Tustin
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92780
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Victorville
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
92395
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
West Hills
State/Province
California
ZIP/Postal Code
91307
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Doral
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
33126
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Fort Lauderdale
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
33309
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Gainesville
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
32607
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Miami
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
33126
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Miami
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
33144
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Orlando
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
32806
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Palm Harbor
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
34684
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Pensacola
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
32514
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Saint Petersburg
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
33705
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Tampa
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
33613
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Lawrenceville
State/Province
Georgia
ZIP/Postal Code
30046
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Boise
State/Province
Idaho
ZIP/Postal Code
83702
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Meridian
State/Province
Idaho
ZIP/Postal Code
83642
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Blue Island
State/Province
Illinois
ZIP/Postal Code
60406
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Skokie
State/Province
Illinois
ZIP/Postal Code
60076
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Springfield
State/Province
Illinois
ZIP/Postal Code
62703
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Granger
State/Province
Indiana
ZIP/Postal Code
46530
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Baton Rouge
State/Province
Louisiana
ZIP/Postal Code
70809
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
New Orleans
State/Province
Louisiana
ZIP/Postal Code
70121
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Wheaton
State/Province
Maryland
ZIP/Postal Code
20902
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Ann Arbor
State/Province
Michigan
ZIP/Postal Code
48109
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Detroit
State/Province
Michigan
ZIP/Postal Code
48202
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Grand Rapids
State/Province
Michigan
ZIP/Postal Code
49546
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Kalamazoo
State/Province
Michigan
ZIP/Postal Code
49008
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Lansing
State/Province
Michigan
ZIP/Postal Code
48910
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Lansing
State/Province
Michigan
ZIP/Postal Code
48917
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Saint Louis
State/Province
Missouri
ZIP/Postal Code
63141
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Springfield
State/Province
Missouri
ZIP/Postal Code
65807
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Clifton
State/Province
New Jersey
ZIP/Postal Code
07012
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Freehold
State/Province
New Jersey
ZIP/Postal Code
07728
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Newark
State/Province
New Jersey
ZIP/Postal Code
07103
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Albuquerque
State/Province
New Mexico
ZIP/Postal Code
87102
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Brooklyn
State/Province
New York
ZIP/Postal Code
11201
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Great Neck
State/Province
New York
ZIP/Postal Code
11021
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
New York
State/Province
New York
ZIP/Postal Code
10021
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Charlotte
State/Province
North Carolina
ZIP/Postal Code
28204
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Greenville
State/Province
North Carolina
ZIP/Postal Code
27834
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Oklahoma City
State/Province
Oklahoma
ZIP/Postal Code
73103
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Duncansville
State/Province
Pennsylvania
ZIP/Postal Code
16635
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Pittsburgh
State/Province
Pennsylvania
ZIP/Postal Code
15224
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Wynnewood
State/Province
Pennsylvania
ZIP/Postal Code
19096
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Wyomissing
State/Province
Pennsylvania
ZIP/Postal Code
19610
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Charleston
State/Province
South Carolina
ZIP/Postal Code
29406
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Orangeburg
State/Province
South Carolina
ZIP/Postal Code
29118
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Jackson
State/Province
Tennessee
ZIP/Postal Code
38305
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Knoxville
State/Province
Tennessee
ZIP/Postal Code
37909-1900
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Carrollton
State/Province
Texas
ZIP/Postal Code
75007
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Corpus Christi
State/Province
Texas
ZIP/Postal Code
78404
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Cypress
State/Province
Texas
ZIP/Postal Code
77429
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
League City
State/Province
Texas
ZIP/Postal Code
77573
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Plano
State/Province
Texas
ZIP/Postal Code
75024
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
San Antonio
State/Province
Texas
ZIP/Postal Code
78229
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Webster
State/Province
Texas
ZIP/Postal Code
77598
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Danville
State/Province
Virginia
ZIP/Postal Code
24541
Country
United States
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Buenos Aires
ZIP/Postal Code
1425
Country
Argentina
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Plovdiv
ZIP/Postal Code
4000
Country
Bulgaria
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Plovdiv
ZIP/Postal Code
4002
Country
Bulgaria
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Sofia
ZIP/Postal Code
1505
Country
Bulgaria
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Sofia
ZIP/Postal Code
1612
Country
Bulgaria
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Sofia
ZIP/Postal Code
1784
Country
Bulgaria
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Winnipeg
State/Province
Manitoba
ZIP/Postal Code
R3N 0K6
Country
Canada
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Sydney
State/Province
Nova Scotia
ZIP/Postal Code
B1S 3N1
Country
Canada
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Hamilton
State/Province
Ontario
ZIP/Postal Code
L8N 1Y2
Country
Canada
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Montreal
State/Province
Quebec
ZIP/Postal Code
H2L 1S6
Country
Canada
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Rimouski
State/Province
Quebec
ZIP/Postal Code
G5L 8W1
Country
Canada
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Trois-Rivieres
State/Province
Quebec
ZIP/Postal Code
G8Z 1Y2
Country
Canada
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Quebec
ZIP/Postal Code
G1V 3M7
Country
Canada
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Praha 2
ZIP/Postal Code
128 50
Country
Czechia
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Uherske Hradiste
ZIP/Postal Code
686 01
Country
Czechia
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Bordeaux Cedex
ZIP/Postal Code
33076
Country
France
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Cahors Cedex
ZIP/Postal Code
46005
Country
France
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Montpellier cedex 05
ZIP/Postal Code
34295
Country
France
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Orleans cedex 2
ZIP/Postal Code
45067
Country
France
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Paris
ZIP/Postal Code
75010
Country
France
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Berlin
ZIP/Postal Code
14059
Country
Germany
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Frankfurt am Main
ZIP/Postal Code
60590
Country
Germany
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Hildesheim
ZIP/Postal Code
31134
Country
Germany
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Leipzig
ZIP/Postal Code
04103
Country
Germany
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Püttlingen
ZIP/Postal Code
66346
Country
Germany
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Athens
ZIP/Postal Code
11527
Country
Greece
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Athens
ZIP/Postal Code
12462
Country
Greece
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Athens
ZIP/Postal Code
14561
Country
Greece
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Heraklion
ZIP/Postal Code
71110
Country
Greece
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Thessaloniki
ZIP/Postal Code
54636
Country
Greece
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Thessaloniki
ZIP/Postal Code
56429
Country
Greece
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Budapest
ZIP/Postal Code
1023
Country
Hungary
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Budapest
ZIP/Postal Code
1036
Country
Hungary
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Veszprem
ZIP/Postal Code
8200
Country
Hungary
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Bari
ZIP/Postal Code
70124
Country
Italy
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Catania
ZIP/Postal Code
95124
Country
Italy
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Firenze
ZIP/Postal Code
50139
Country
Italy
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Napoli
ZIP/Postal Code
80131
Country
Italy
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Reggio Emilia
ZIP/Postal Code
42123
Country
Italy
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Roma
ZIP/Postal Code
00128
Country
Italy
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Verona
ZIP/Postal Code
37126
Country
Italy
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Mexicali
State/Province
Baja California Norte
ZIP/Postal Code
21100
Country
Mexico
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Guadalajara
State/Province
Jalisco
ZIP/Postal Code
44650
Country
Mexico
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Monterrey
State/Province
Nuevo León
ZIP/Postal Code
64020
Country
Mexico
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Chihuahua
ZIP/Postal Code
31000
Country
Mexico
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Bydgoszcz
ZIP/Postal Code
85-168
Country
Poland
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Karwiany
ZIP/Postal Code
52-200
Country
Poland
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Sopot
ZIP/Postal Code
81-759
Country
Poland
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Stalowa Wola
ZIP/Postal Code
37-450
Country
Poland
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Coimbra
ZIP/Postal Code
3000-075
Country
Portugal
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Lisboa
ZIP/Postal Code
1050-034
Country
Portugal
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Lisboa
ZIP/Postal Code
1649-035
Country
Portugal
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Ponte de Lima
ZIP/Postal Code
4990-041
Country
Portugal
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Panorama
State/Province
Western Cape
ZIP/Postal Code
7500
Country
South Africa
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Sevilla
State/Province
Andalucía
ZIP/Postal Code
41009
Country
Spain
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Salamanca
State/Province
Castilla León
ZIP/Postal Code
37007
Country
Spain
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Barcelona
State/Province
Cataluña
ZIP/Postal Code
08026
Country
Spain
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Valencia
State/Province
Comunidad Valenciana
ZIP/Postal Code
46017
Country
Spain
Facility Name
Research Site
City
A Coruña
State/Province
Galicia
ZIP/Postal Code
15006
Country
Spain
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Majadahonda
State/Province
Madrid
ZIP/Postal Code
28222
Country
Spain
Facility Name
Research Site
City
El Palmar
State/Province
Murcia
ZIP/Postal Code
30120
Country
Spain
Facility Name
Research Site
City
Bilbao
State/Province
País Vasco
ZIP/Postal Code
48013
Country
Spain

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
Yes
IPD Sharing Plan Description
De-identified individual patient data for variables necessary to address the specific research question in an approved data sharing request
IPD Sharing Time Frame
Data sharing requests relating to this study will be considered beginning 18 months after the study has ended and either 1) the product and indication (or other new use) have been granted marketing authorization in both the US and Europe or 2) clinical development for the product and/or indication discontinues and the data will not be submitted to regulatory authorities. There is no end date for eligibility to submit a data sharing request for this study
IPD Sharing Access Criteria
Qualified researchers may submit a request containing the research objectives, the Amgen product(s) and Amgen study/studies in scope, endpoints/outcomes of interest, statistical analysis plan, data requirements, publication plan, and qualifications of the researcher(s). In general, Amgen does not grant external requests for individual patient data for the purpose of re-evaluating safety and efficacy issues already addressed in the product labelling. Requests are reviewed by a committee of internal advisors, and if not approved, may be further arbitrated by a Data Sharing Independent Review Panel. Upon approval, information necessary to address the research question will be provided under the terms of a data sharing agreement. This may include anonymized individual patient data and/or available supporting documents, containing fragments of analysis code where provided in analysis specifications. Further details are available at the link below.
IPD Sharing URL
https://www.amgen.com/datasharing
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
29224127
Citation
Curtis JR, Trivedi M, Haraoui B, Emery P, Park GS, Collier DH, Aras GA, Chung J. Defining and characterizing sustained remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2018 Apr;37(4):885-893. doi: 10.1007/s10067-017-3923-z. Epub 2017 Dec 9.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
33205906
Citation
Curtis JR, Emery P, Karis E, Haraoui B, Bykerk V, Yen PK, Kricorian G, Chung JB. Etanercept or Methotrexate Withdrawal in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Sustained Remission. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 May;73(5):759-768. doi: 10.1002/art.41589. Epub 2021 Mar 24.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
36459119
Citation
Curtis JR, Stolshek B, Emery P, Haraoui B, Karis E, Kricorian G, Collier DH, Yen PK, Bykerk VP. Effects of Disease-Worsening Following Withdrawal of Etanercept or Methotrexate on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the SEAM-RA Trial. J Clin Rheumatol. 2023 Jan 1;29(1):16-22. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001893. Epub 2022 Oct 22.
Results Reference
background
Links:
URL
http://www.amgentrials.com
Description
AmgenTrials clinical trials website

Learn more about this trial

Study of Etanercept Monotherapy vs Methotrexate Monotherapy for Maintenance of Rheumatoid Arthritis Remission

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