Subcostal Temporary Extravascular Pacing V Study (STEP V)

Inclusion criteria At least 18 years old Subjects indicated for closed-chest cardiac invasive procedure, including: Transarterial transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) Transarterial balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) pulse generator replacement Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) lead extraction or revision Exclusion criteria BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 Septic shock Severe anemia Patients on dual antiplatelet therapy or anti-coagulation that cannot be stopped for the procedure Circumstances that prevent data collection or follow-up (e.g., inability to perform a short walk with the Holter monitor) Participation in any concurrent clinical study without prior written approval from the Sponsor Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent to participate in the Study Known prior history for any of the following: Median or partial sternotomy Acute coronary syndrome within past 90 days NYHA Functional Classification IV within past 90 days Surgically corrected congenital heart disease (not including catheter-based procedures) Allergies to the device materials such as stainless steel, titanium, platinum, iridium, polyethylene, polyurethane, polycarbonate and silicone Surgery with disruption of the lung, pericardium or connective tissue between the sternum and pericardium, including adhesions Significant anatomic derangement of or within the thorax (e.g., pectus excavatum, significant scoliosis) Thoracic radiation therapy, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum or other medical treatments which may complicate the AtaCor EV Temporary Pacing Lead System insertion procedure Any conditions which may complicate the AtaCor EV Temporary Pacing Lead System insertion procedure Pericardial disease, pericarditis and mediastinitis Medical treatments, surgeries or conditions that increase the potential for pericardial adhesions FEV1 < 1 liter