The PANTHERS (Parents and iNfants Together in Home-based Early Remote Services) Project (PANTHERS)

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Nicklaus Children's Hospital f/k/a Miami Children's Hospital

The PANTHERS (Parents And iNfants Together in Home-based Early Remote Services) Projects is a study funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to evaluate the efficacy and maintenance of a remote home-based preventive intervention, the Infant Behavior Program (IBP), to decrease behavior problems in infants from high-risk families. All families will participate in five remote evaluations in their home, and families will also receive 6 remote treatment sessions of either the IBP or the EPPC. All participant procedures will be conducted remotely.

Research Design: The proposed study will evaluate the efficacy and maintenance of a remote home-based preventive intervention, the Infant Behavior Program (IBP), to decrease behavior problems in infants from high-risk families. Specifically, the investigators propose to conduct a randomized controlled trial to demonstrate its efficacy and maintenance in reducing behavior problems and increasing infant regulation relative to an enhanced pediatric primary care (EPPC) active control condition. Assessments will occur at pre (week 0)- and post (week 8)-intervention assessments (approximately 2 months apart), as well as at 4-month (week 24) , 8 -month (week 40), and 12-month (week 56) follow-up assessments. Procedures: Families will be primarily recruited from pediatric primary care centers and will be randomized to receive six sessions of either IBP or EPPC in their home. Families also will participate in five remote home-based assessments. Risks and Benefits: Families may experience risk from a breach in confidentiality as participants reveal sensitive information and there are risks in breach of confidentiality due to videoconferencing methods, in particular if study staff become aware of abuse or neglect situations. Families may experience discomfort when answering personal questions. Benefits to families could include providing families with information that can assist in caring for their child, and instilling new parenting strategies that are designed to outlast treatment. Knowledge: This study will provide information about the efficacy of a remote home-based preventive intervention to improve infant behavior and regulation.

Randomized control trial in which participants are randomly assigned to either receive the Infant Behavior Program (IBP) or the Enhanced Pediatric Primary Care (EPPC).

Independent evaluators and coders assessing response over time are kept unaware of the condition to which each participant is assigned.

Infant Behavior Program (IBP) is a home-based adaptation of the Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) phase of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an evidence-based intervention for early externalizing problems. Consistent with recommendations we maintained core features of CDI and addressed the unique developmental needs of infants. All IBP sessions will completed remotely.

Families in EPPC will receive six one-hour home visits where they will receive information about normative developmental and health expectations for their infant. Specifically, therapists will provide education on six topics: (1) cognitive and emotional development; (2) language and social development; (3) safety; (4) feeding and nutrition; (5) sleep; and (6) fitness and activity. All EPPC sessions will completed remotely.

Infant Behavior Program (IBP) is a home-based adaptation of the Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) phase of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an evidence-based intervention for early externalizing problems. Consistent with recommendations we maintained core features of CDI and addressed the unique developmental needs of infants. All IBP sessions will completed remotely.

Families in EPPC will receive six one-hour home visits where they will receive information about normative developmental and health expectations for their infant. Specifically, therapists will provide education on six topics: (1) cognitive and emotional development; (2) language and social development; (3) safety; (4) feeding and nutrition; (5) sleep; and (6) fitness and activity. All EPPC sessions will completed remotely.

The ITSEA is a 166-item parent-report measure of the frequency of specific behaviors (e.g., temper tantrums) in 12- to 36-month-olds. Participants will score their child behavior on a scale of 0-2 (0 Not true/Rarely, 2 Somewhat True/Sometimes and 3 Very True/Often). The higher the score, the higher the child is on behavior problems. The Externalizing scale will be an indicator of infant behavior. The higher the score the higher child's behavior problems.

The WASI will be used at screening to ensure ability to learn the skills. The vocabulary and matrix reasoning subtests will be administered, and primary caregivers will be required to receive an estimated IQ score ≥ 70 on the two-subtest version of the WASI-II. The higher the score the higher IQ.

The BITSEA will be used at screening as inclusion criteria. The 31-item Problem scale will be used to screen infants for the inclusion criterion (≥ 75th percentile) because it has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting current and predicting subsequent elevated externalizing problems. The higher the score the higher the child's behavior problem.

Assess for developmental delay in children ages three months to five years. It is a 30-item parent-rating scale used to assess for developmental delay in children ages three months to five years. The ASQ-III has high test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and concurrent validity134 and will be used as a baseline measure of the infant's developmental functioning. We will administer every scale- communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, personal-social. Families respond to various milestones prompts on a scale of Yes, Sometimes, Not Yet. The higher the score the the higher the outcome.

The Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-4th Ed (DPICS-IV; Eyberg et al., 2013) is a structured behavioral observation coding system assessing caregiver-child interactions. Observed parenting behaviors will be coded during a 5-min child-led play and combined into two categories of positive (praises, behavior descriptions, and reflections) and negative (questions, commands, and negative talk) verbalizations, reflecting behaviors caregivers are taught to use and avoid in PCIT. Additionally, child compliance will be assessed and coded for during a 5-min caregiver-led play and 5-min clean up situation which will be adapted to meet the infant's developmental level (e.g., toy bucket in close proximity to infant). The higher the score the higher the parenting behavior and child compliance.

The ECBQ is a 36-item parent questionnaire of temperament. The effortful control scale will be used as the behavioral indicator of infant regulation. Participants will respond to various child behavior prompts using the 1-7 scale: 1- never, 2-very rarely, 3- less than half the time, 4- about half the time, 5- more than half the time, 6- almost always, 7- always. The higher the score the higher the outcome.

The Lab-TAB is a standardized observation to assess early regulation. We will include an episode to elicit mild frustration that will involve the infant playing with a desired toy for 30 seconds, and then the parent will remove the toy from the infant and place the toy in a clear box that the child cannot open for 1 minute (repeated twice). Episodes will be videotaped and coded for infant emotional reactivity (latency to distress in seconds), lability (range from 0 = unstable to 4 = stable), and regulation (range from 0 = dysregulated to 4 = well-regulated). The higher the child distress the higher the outcome.

The MacArthur Short-form is an 89-word checklist for infant vocabulary comprehension and production and completed by the primary caregiver. Participants indicate which of a prespecified list of words the child can already understand and/or produce. The full scale will be administered, and the higher the score the higher the child's vocabulary.

10-item questionnaires used to measure infant and toddler sleep problems. There are no scales in this questionnaire.

The Screen Media Use Questionnaire A is a 6 item questionnaire to obtain information on family usage of screen devices. There are no scales in this questionnaire.

The Screen Media Use Questionnaire B is a 21 item questionnaire to obtain information on family usage of screen devices. There are no scales in this questionnaire.

The Screen Media Use Interview was development by our team to obtain information of caregiver and infant use of screens (e.g., amount of time on screens, type of screen use). There are no scaled in this questionnaire.

The Parenting Scale is a 30-item self-report of parenting practices. Participants report their parenting strategies by answering prompts on 7-point likert scales. 1 indicates a high probability of using an effective discipline strategy and 7 indicates a high probability of ineffective discipline The Overreactivity scale will be used as an indicator of negative parenting practices. The higher the score the higher the outcome.

Global codes from the Early Parenting Coding System (EPCS), will be used to rate parental sensitivity/responsivity during the five-minute play. This is an observational tool with no scales.

The Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item self-report measure (10 positive and 10 negative affective descriptors) with strong psychometric properties.The negative affect scale measures emotional experiences common to depression and anxiety and will be used as an indicator of parental distress. Participants respond with a 1-5 scale: 1- very slightly or not at all, 2- a little, 3- moderately, 4- quite a bit, 5- extremely. The higher the score the higher the outcome.

The PSI-SF parental distress scale will be used as an indicator of parental distress. The PSI-SF is a 36-item self-report questionnaire of parenting stress with three subscales (PD, PCDI, and DC) and a Total Stress scale. Families rate the responses with a likert-like scale: SA- Strongly Agree, A- Agree, NS- Not Sure, D- Disagree, SD- Strongly Disagree. The higher the score the higher the outcome.

The AMAS will be used to assess acculturation. It is a 42-item scale with 4-point self-report, Likert-type response options ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree) for the cultural identity subscales and from 1 (not at all) to 4 (extremely well/like a native) for the language and cultural competence subscale. High scores relate to higher the acculturation..

The MASI will be used to assess acculturative stress. Families rate their responses to prompts across four scales (Spanish Competency Pressures, English Competency Pressures, Pressure to Acculturate and Pressure Against Acculturation) on a 0-5 likert scale (0- Not Applicable, 1- Not at all stressful, 2- A little stressful, 3- Somewhat stressful, 4- Very stressful, 5- Extremely stressful). All the scales will be administered, and the higher the score the higher the outcome.

The ADEXI requires that the informant rate the extent to which each item is true about them on a 5-point Likert scale (1: Definitely not true, 5: Definitely true). The questions are related to the frequency with which the informant experiences difficulty related to working memory and inhibition in everyday life. The higher the score the higher the outcome.

The List Sorting Working Memory Test assesses ability to store information until the amount of information to be stored exceeds one's capacity to hold that information. This is an observational task.

The SCAPI is a structured parent interview providing information on the type, number, duration, and intensity of physical and mental health services provided for the child and will be used to control for group differences in additional services families received in between each assessment, if applicable. The interview asks if the child has received any of the following services: Speech/Language Therapy, Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Sensory Integration Therapy, Individual Child Counseling for Behavioral or Emotional Problems, Parent Training, Family Therapy, Play Therapy, Group Counseling. There are no scaled responses.

The TECHI assesses caregiver and child technology use and literacy as a potential moderator of treatment response. Participants rate their comfort level with technology on a Strongly Disagree- Strongly Agree 0-5 likert scale. The higher the score the higher the comfort level with technology. The entire inventory will be administered.

The TAI is used document satisfaction with the intervention. The higher the score the higher the therapy satisfaction.

The IBP quiz will be administered to the IBP group only. The quiz was developed to asses parent's understanding of the information received during their participation in the program. The higher the score the higher the understanding.

The EPPC quiz will be administered to the EPPC group only. The quiz was developed to asses parent's understanding of the information received during their participation in the program. The higher the score the higher the understanding.

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report measure of depressive symptoms with strong psychometric support. The CES-D total score will be used as an indicator of parental distress. Participants respond to predetermined statements on a Likert-like scale. The higher the score the higher the depression symptoms.

The Coping with Toddlers' Negative Emotions Scale (CTNES)161 is a measure of parent response to child negative emotions with support for use with infants.162 Consistent with previous work,163 we will combine items on the problem-focused, emotion-focused, and expressive-encouragement subscales as an indicator of parental responsivity. The higher the score the higher the outcome.

Inclusion Criteria: Infants ages 12 to 18 months and at least one primary caretaker, who is at least 18-years-old and in most cases will be the mother Elevated score (> 75th percentile) on the problem scale of the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA; Briggs-Gowan et al., 2004) An English-speaking or Spanish-speaking primary caregiver. Exclusion Criteria: Infants with major sensory impairment (e.g., deafness blindness) or several problems that impair mobility (e.g., cerebral palsy) Significant cognitive delay in the primary caregiver (i.e., estimated IQ score < 70 on the vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence - Second Edition (WASI-II) for those speaking English or an average standard score < 4 on the vocabulary subtest of the Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler Para Adultos - Third Edition (EIWA-III) for those speaking Spanish) Families involved with child protection services, which is expected to be low based on our pilot trials

We will use a controlled access approach, using a robust system to review requests and provide secure access to de-identified data

Deidentified data for the entire database will be made available for data sharing after the main findings from the final dataset have been accepted for publication.

Users will be provided with the data under a data-sharing agreement which specifies that: (1) data will be used only for research purposes; (2) data will be stored confidentially and securely; and (3) data will be destroyed after analyses are completed. PI Bagner and collaborators will identify where the data will be available and how to access the data in any publications and presentations using these data.

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