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Tucson Epidemiology Study of Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases

Primary Purpose

Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema

Status
Completed
Phase
Locations
Study Type
Observational
Intervention
Sponsored by
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
About
Eligibility
Locations
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an observational trial for Asthma

Eligibility Criteria

undefined - 100 Years (Child, Adult, Older Adult)MaleDoes not accept healthy volunteers

No eligibility criteria

Sites / Locations

    Outcomes

    Primary Outcome Measures

    Secondary Outcome Measures

    Full Information

    First Posted
    May 25, 2000
    Last Updated
    February 26, 2016
    Sponsor
    National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
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    1. Study Identification

    Unique Protocol Identification Number
    NCT00005279
    Brief Title
    Tucson Epidemiology Study of Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases
    Study Type
    Observational

    2. Study Status

    Record Verification Date
    May 2002
    Overall Recruitment Status
    Completed
    Study Start Date
    June 1971 (undefined)
    Primary Completion Date
    undefined (undefined)
    Study Completion Date
    November 1997 (Actual)

    3. Sponsor/Collaborators

    Name of the Sponsor
    National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

    4. Oversight

    5. Study Description

    Brief Summary
    To determine the natural history, etiology, and interrelationships of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and related airways obstructive diseases. Also, to determine the relationship of acute lower respiratory tract illnesses in infants and children to the development of subsequent chronic lung disorders.
    Detailed Description
    BACKGROUND: The Tucson Epidemiology Study of Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases had been supported by the Specialized Center of Research (SCOR) mechanism since 1971. The SCOR mechanism was instituted to advance basic knowledge and to generate the most effective techniques and methods of clinical management and prevention. In 1970, the chronic obstructive lung diseases (COLD) of bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma were the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. At that time United States mortality from emphysema had been increasing at the rate of 20-25 percent per year. In 1969 the death rate for COLD as a whole was 15.6 per 100,000 and that rate was considered to be only about one-half of all those deaths in which COLD was either an underlying or an important contributory cause. By 1986 COLD had risen to be the fifth leading cause of death in the United States with a death rate of 31.3 per 100,000. By 1972 many prevalence surveys had been conducted in the United States and abroad on specific subgroups of populations. At that time, most longitudinal studies were limited in the scope of examinations conducted, dealt with restricted age groups, and conducted few studies of familial concordance of diseases. The Tucson study was designed to include a wide age span, family units, and a variety of features relating to reversible or irreversible obstructive lung disease. Studies have provided evidence relating acute lower respiratory tract illnesses in the first few years of life to the development of chronic lung disease in later life. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that geographic areas with high morbidity and mortality rates due to chronic obstructive lung disease among adults are also likely to show a high incidence of respiratory illness among children. A number of risk factors may be associated with lower respiratory tract illness in children. Some studies suggested that familial or genetic factors may predispose certain children to respiratory disorders early in life. Family size, viral and bacterial infections, allergic reaction, air pollution, gas stoves, formaldehyde, and passive smoking have all been implicated. Research was needed on the interrelationships of potential risk factors and lower respiratory tract infections in producing chronic respiratory disease. DESIGN NARRATIVE: The Tucson Study of Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases was longitudinal in design. By 1986, nine surveys had been completed on 70 percent of the same population surveyed at baseline in 1972. Data collected in the surveys included basic standardized questionnaires and maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves using the same pneumotachograph equipment. Additional questionnaires were included on smoking, medical and occupational history, socio-economic characteristics, and height and weight measurements. Blood was sampled for studies of alpha-1-antitrypsin level. Several surveys included allergy skin testing, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements. Studies of the 504 out-migrants continued since 1982. Twelve surveys were planned to insure a follow-up of at least 15 years on all adults. Funding represented approximately 26 percent of the dollars of the Specialized Center of Research in Chronic Diseases of the Airways (P5OHL14136) used to support the Tucson Study. Childrens' Respiratory Study of Tucson was also longitudinal in design and assessed the role of infectious, physiologic, immunologic, allergic, genetic, environmental, and familial factors in the development of acute and chronic lower respiratory tract illnesses in childhood. Enrollment of the study population and their families occurred between May 1980 and October 1984. Healthy infants were enrolled within a few days of birth, at which time baseline data were collected. Cord and 9-month bloods were evaluated for a number of immunologic tests. In the first few months of life, prior to any lower respiratory tract illnesses, a subset of the population underwent pulmonary function testing. During lower respiratory tract illness, specimens were obtained for viral, chlamydial, and mycoplasma cultures and tests. Environmental factors evaluated included passive smoking, number of siblings, overcrowding, and air pollution. Data collection was continued on the children and their family members over the years. The study completion date listed in this record was obtained from the "End Date" entered in the Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS) record.

    6. Conditions and Keywords

    Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
    Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, Lung Diseases, Obstructive, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

    7. Study Design

    10. Eligibility

    Sex
    Male
    Maximum Age & Unit of Time
    100 Years
    Accepts Healthy Volunteers
    No
    Eligibility Criteria
    No eligibility criteria

    12. IPD Sharing Statement

    Citations:
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    Abraham TA, Garfield M, Sugihara S, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B: Methacholine Inhalation Challenge in Normal Individuals Using the Maximum and Partial Flow Curves With an Assessment of Diurnal Variation. (abst) Am Rev Respir Dis, 121 (#4, Part 2):53, 1980
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    Helsing KJ, Comstock GW, Speizer FE, Ferris BG, Lebowitz MD, Tockman MS, Burrows B. Comparison of three standardized questionnaires on respiratory symptoms. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 Dec;120(6):1221-31. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1979.120.6.1221. No abstract available.
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    Burrows B, Hasan FM, Barbee RA, Halonen M, Lebowitz MD. Epidemiologic observations on eosinophilia and its relation to respiratory disorders. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Nov;122(5):709-19. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.5.709.
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    Dodge RR, Burrows B. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a general population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Oct;122(4):567-75. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.4.567.
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    Burrows B: Prognostic Factors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pract Cardiol, 6(10):61-69, 1980
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    Wagener JS, Taussig LM, Burrows B, Hernried L, Boat T: Comparison of Lung Function and Survival Patterns Between Cystic Fibrosis and Emphysema or Chronic Bronchitis Patients. Perspectives in Cystic Fibrosis, Proceedings of the 8th International Cystic Fibrosis Congress, Toronto, May 1980
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    7385089
    Citation
    Turner-Warwick M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: clinical features and their influence on survival. Thorax. 1980 Mar;35(3):171-80. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.3.171.
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    Burrows B, Taussig LM. "As the twig is bent, the tree inclines" (perhaps). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Dec;122(6):813-6. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.6.813. No abstract available.
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    Turner-Warwick M, Lebowitz M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and lung cancer. Thorax. 1980 Jul;35(7):496-9. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.7.496.
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    Turner-Warwick M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: response to corticosteroid treatment and its effect on survival. Thorax. 1980 Aug;35(8):593-9. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.8.593.
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    Burrows B, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Lebowitz MD. The relationship of serum immunoglobulin E to cigarette smoking. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Nov;124(5):523-5. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.124.5.523.
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    7251998
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    Barbee RA, Halonen M, Lebowitz M, Burrows B. Distribution of IgE in a community population sample: correlations with age, sex, and allergen skin test reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981 Aug;68(2):106-11. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90167-6.
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    Lebowitz MD. Epidemiological recognition of occupational pulmonary diseases. Clin Chest Med. 1981 Sep;2(3):305-16. No abstract available.
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    Citation
    Lebowitz MD. Respiratory symptoms and disease related to alcohol consumption. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Jan;123(1):16-9. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.123.1.16.
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    Frank R, Lebowitz MD: The Risk of Staying In. (Editorial) Am Rev Respir Dis, 124:522, 1981
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    6268025
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    Lebowitz MD. The relationship among silica, silicosis, and lung carcinoma. Ariz Med. 1981 Aug;38(8):596-8. No abstract available.
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    7242173
    Citation
    Burrows B. An overview of obstructive lung diseases. Med Clin North Am. 1981 May;65(3):455-71. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31509-7. No abstract available.
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    Barbee RA, Brown WG, Kaltenborn W, Halonen M. Allergen skin-test reactivity in a community population sample: correlation with age, histamine skin reactions and total serum immunoglobulin E. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981 Jul;68(1):15-9. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90117-2.
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    7338897
    Citation
    Lebowitz MD, Thompson HC, Strunk RC. Subjective psychological symptoms in outpatient asthmatic adolescents. J Behav Med. 1981 Dec;4(4):439-49. doi: 10.1007/BF00846152.
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    Landau LI, Taussig LM, Burrows B, Cline M, Lebowitz MD, Knudson R: Sex Differences in Growth Velocity of Lung Function Assessed From Longitudinal Measurements in Healthy Subjects Age 6 to 25 Years. Australian Ped J, 17(2):145, 1981
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    Dodge R, Burrows B: Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. In: Prognosis Contemporary Outcomes of Disease. (JF Fries, GE Ehrlich, Eds) Bowie, MD: Charles Press Publishers, pp. 228-231, 1981
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    Burrows B. Pulmonary disease. Postgrad Med. 1981 Apr;69(4):100-1. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1981.11715733. No abstract available.
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    Burrows B: Management of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Drug Ther, pp. 127-133, Nov. 1981
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    Halonen M, Barbee RA, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. An epidemiologic study of interrelationships of total serum immunoglobulin E, allergy skin-test reactivity, and eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982 Feb;69(2):221-8. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90103-8. No abstract available.
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    Coaker L, Lebowitz MD, Abraham T, Garfield M, Suqihara S, Burrows B: Methacholine Challenge: The Correlation of Smoking With Airway Response in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis, 125(#4, part 2):253, 1982
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    Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Robertson G, Burrows B. Significance of intraindividual changes in maximum expiratory flow volume and peak expiratory flow measurements. Chest. 1982 May;81(5):566-70. doi: 10.1378/chest.81.5.566.
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    Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Armet D, Kaltenborn W, Burrows B: Smoking and Longitudinal Changes in Lung Function and Respiratory Symptoms. Indian J Chest Dis, Special Number: Smoking and Health, pp. 47-56, 1982
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    Burrows B: Irreversible Airways Obstruction and Asthma. Pract Cardiol, 8(7):69-81, 1982
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    Offord KP, Gleich GJ, Barbee RA, Dunnette SL, Miller RD. Serum IgD in subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a previous finding restudied. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Jul;126(1):118-20. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.1.118.
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    Burrows B, Halonen M, Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Barbee RA. The relationship of serum immunoglobulin E, allergy skin tests, and smoking to respiratory disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982 Sep;70(3):199-204. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90042-2.
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    Lebowitz MD. Multivariate analysis of smoking and other risk factors for obstructive lung diseases and related symptoms. J Chronic Dis. 1982;35(9):751-8. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(82)90099-6.
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    Lebowitz MD, Armet DB, Knudson RJ: The Effect of Passive Smoking on Pulmonary Function in Children. Environ Internat'l, 8:371-374, 1982
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    Lebowitz MD: The Effects of Alcohol Ingestion on the Lung. Pract Cardiol, 8:101-104, 1982
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    Lebowitz M, O'Rourke M, Dodge R, Holberg C, Corman G, Hoshaw R, Pinnas J, Barbee R, Sneller M: The Adverse Health Effects of Biological Aerosols, Other Aerosols, and Microclimate Indoors on Asthmatics and Non-Asthmatics. Environ Internat'l, 8:375-380, 1982
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    Burrows B: The Natural History of Airflow Limitation. Med Clin North Am, pp. 2157-2162, April 1982
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    Burrows B: The Natural History of Airflow Limitation. Med Internat'l, 1:955-956, 1982
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    Lebowitz MD, Dodge R, Holberg C: The Effects of the Environment on Pulmonary Function in Children, In: Proceedings of the National Congress on Pediatric Bronchopneumonology. D. Castello (Ed), Turin: Italian Ped. Bronchopneumonal. Assn., 1982
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    Bloom, JW, Sugihara S, Garfield M, Abraham T, Knudson RJ: Factors Associated With Rapid Decline in Lung Function. Am Rev Respir Dis, 125:258S, 1982
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    Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, Burrows B. Changes in the normal maximal expiratory flow-volume curve with growth and aging. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Jun;127(6):725-34. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.6.725.
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    Lebowitz MD. Health effects of indoor pollutants. Annu Rev Public Health. 1983;4:203-21. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001223. No abstract available.
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    Lebowitz MD. The effects of pressurized aerosols on respiratory symptoms and physiology. Sci Total Environ. 1983 Jul;29(1-2):19-27. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(83)90031-1.
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    Burrows B. A clinical trial of efficacy of antiproteolytic therapy: can it be done? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Feb;127(2):S42-3. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.2P2.S42. No abstract available.
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    Bloom J, Sugihara S, Garfield M, Abraham T, Knudson RJ: Characteristics of Individuals With Accelerated Declines in Lung Function. Chest, 85(6):18S-19S, 1983
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    Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, Barbee RA, Knudson RJ, Halonen M. Interactions of smoking and immunologic factors in relation to airways obstruction. Chest. 1983 Dec;84(6):657-61. doi: 10.1378/chest.84.6.657.
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    Lebovitz MD. [Temporary changes in acute respiratory symptoms depending on allergens and atmospheric air pollution]. Przegl Lek. 1983;40(11):777-82. No abstract available. Polish.
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    Toxic substances in the atmospheric environment. Critical review discussion papers. J Air Pollut Control Assoc. 1983 Sep;33(9):827-43. doi: 10.1080/00022470.1983.10465648. No abstract available.
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    Lebowitz MD, Dodge RR, Holberg CJ, Corman G, Boyer B: Daily Symptoms Related to Indoor Pollution in Adult Asthmatics and Non-Asthmatics. Am J Epidemiol, 118(3):419, 1983
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    Buist AS, Burrows B, Eriksson S, Mittman C, Wu M. The natural history of air-flow obstruction in PiZ emphysema. Report of an NHLBI workshop. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Feb;127(2):S43-5. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.2P2.S43. No abstract available.
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    Burrows B: COPD: A New Look at DX and RX of an Old Problem. Modern Med, pp. 114-126, March, 1983
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    Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Quan SF, Kettel LJ: Respiratory Disorders: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 2nd Ed. Revised. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc. 1983
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    Burrows B: Early Diagnosis of COPD: Value of Annual Spirometric Examination of Smokers. Pract Cardiol, 9:143-150, 1983
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    Burrows B: Trends in Respiratory Medicine. Todays Therapeutic Trends, 1:11-20, 1983
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    Sobonya RE, Burrows B. The epidemiology of emphysema. Clin Chest Med. 1983 Sep;4(3):351-8. No abstract available.
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    Burrows B, Cline MG, Knudson RJ, Taussig LM, Lebowitz MD. A descriptive analysis of the growth and decline of the FVC and FEV1. Chest. 1983 May;83(5):717-24. doi: 10.1378/chest.83.5.717.
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    Lebowitz MD: Potential Respiratory Problems Within the Home Environment, In: Energy, Air Pollution and Health: Seminar Proceedings. W. Linn (Ed) New York: American Lung Association, pp. 76-87, 1983
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    Lebowitz MD, Waller RE, Jacobsen M, Kostrezewski J, Hasegawa Y (Eds): Guidelines on Studies in Environmental Epidemiology. (Environmental Health Criteria 27) Geneva: World Health Organization, 1983
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    Lebowitz MD, et al: Organization and Conduct of Studies. Chapter 5 in: Lebowitz MD, Waller RE, Jacobsen M, Kostrezewski J, Hasegawa Y, (Eds) Guidelines on Studies in Environmental Epidemiology. (Environmental Health Criteria 27) Geneva: World Health Organization, pp. 211-261, 1983
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    Bloom JW, Farland AM, Halonen M, Burrows B: Pneumococcus Specific IgE in Cigarette Smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis, 129(4):A191, 1984
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    Lebowitz MD, Knudson R, Burrows B: Risk Factors for Airway Obstructive Diseases: A Multiple Logistics Approach. Chest, 85(6):11S-12S, 1984
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    Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Burrows B. Family aggregation of pulmonary function measurements. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Jan;129(1):8-11. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.1.8.
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    Lebowitz MD, Barbee R, Burrows B. Family concordance of IgE, atopy, and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984 Feb;73(2):259-64. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(84)80017-2.
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    Bloom JW, Kaltenborn WT, Paoletti P, Camilli A, Lebowitz MD. Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Dec 12;295(6612):1516-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.295.6612.1516.
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    Knudson RJ, Bloom JW, Kaltenborn WT, Burrows B, Lebowitz MD. Assessment of air vs helium-oxygen flow-volume curves as an epidemiologic screening test. Chest. 1984 Sep;86(3):419-23. doi: 10.1378/chest.86.3.419.
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    Knudson RJ, Bloom JW, Knudson DE, Kaltenborn WT. Subclinical effects of smoking. Physiologic comparison of healthy middle-aged smokers and nonsmokers and interrelationships of lung function measurements. Chest. 1984 Jul;86(1):20-9. doi: 10.1378/chest.86.1.20.
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    Lebowitz MD. The effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure and gas stoves on daily peak flow rates in asthmatic and non-asthmatic families. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1984;133:90-7. No abstract available.
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    Robertson G, Lebowitz MD. Analysis of relationships between symptoms and environmental factors over time. Environ Res. 1984 Feb;33(1):130-43. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(84)90014-8.
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    Bloom JW, Burrows B: Diseases Associated With Airflow Limitation, In: Current Pulmonology, Vol. 5 (Simmons DH, Ed) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 255-281, 1984
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    Burrows B: Possible Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Chronic Airflow Obstruction. Chest, 85S:13S-15S, 1984
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    Bruce RM, Cohen BH, Diamond EL, Fallat RJ, Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD, Mittman C, Patterson CD, Tockman MS. Collaborative study to assess risk of lung disease in Pi MZ phenotype subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Sep;130(3):386-90. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.3.386.
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    Camilli A, Paoletti P, Lebowitz MD: Types of Occupational Exposures, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function. Am Rev Respir Dis, 129 (#4, part 2):A170, 1984
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    Higgins MW, Keller JB, Landis JR, Beaty TH, Burrows B, Demets D, Diem JE, Higgins IT, Lakatos E, Lebowitz MD, et al. Risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Collaborative assessment of the validity of the Tecumseh index of risk. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Sep;130(3):380-5. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.3.380.
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    Lebowitz MD. Influence of passive smoking on pulmonary function: a survey. Prev Med. 1984 Nov;13(6):645-55. doi: 10.1016/s0091-7435(84)80014-6.
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    Mazzeo J, Seeley GW. A general framework for evaluating the reliability of medical measurement systems. Eval Health Prof. 1984 Dec;7(4):379-411. doi: 10.1177/016327878400700401.
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    Barbee RA, Dodge R, Lebowitz ML, Burrows B. The epidemiology of asthma. Chest. 1985 Jan;87(1 Suppl):21S-25S. doi: 10.1378/chest.87.1.21s.
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    Dodge RR, Lebowitz MD, Barbee RA, Burrows B: Immediate Reactions to Coccidioidin and Spherulin: The Relation of Atopy to Coccidioidomycosis. In: Einstein H (Ed), Coccidioidomycosis: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference, Washington, DC: Nat'l Foundation Infectious Diseases, 1985
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    Martinez F, Lebowitz MD, Taussig LM: A Longitudinal Study on the Outcome of Asthmatic Syndromes in Infancy and Childhood. Am Rev Respir Dis, 131(#4, part 2):A243, 1985
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    Holberg CJ, O'Rourke MK, Lebowitz MD: A Factor For All Seasons. Am Rev Respir Dis, 131 (#4, part 2):A176, 1985
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    Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, Boyer B, Hayes C. Respiratory symptoms and peak flow associated with indoor and outdoor air pollutants in the southwest. J Air Pollut Control Assoc. 1985 Nov;35(11):1154-8. doi: 10.1080/00022470.1985.10466016. No abstract available.
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    Paoletti P, Camilli AE, Holberg CJ, Lebowitz MD. Respiratory effects in relation to estimated tar exposure from current and cumulative cigarette consumption. Chest. 1985 Dec;88(6):849-55. doi: 10.1378/chest.88.6.849.
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    Lebowitz MD, Burrows B, Traver GA, McDonagh DJ, Dodge RR, Barbee RA, Glover J, Kennedy T, Clark D, Resar R. Methodological considerations of epidemiological diagnoses in respiratory diseases. Eur J Epidemiol. 1985 Sep;1(3):188-92. doi: 10.1007/BF00234093.
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    Hicks MJ, Hagaman RM, Barbee RA. The prevalence of cellular immunity to coccidioidomycosis in a highly endemic area. West J Med. 1986 Apr;144(4):425-8.
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    Lebowitz MD, Phibbs B, Robertson G, Holberg C, Knudson RJ, Burrows B. Vectorcardiographic and blood pressure correlates of obstructive pulmonary diseases in a community population. Chest. 1986 Jan;89(1):78-84. doi: 10.1378/chest.89.1.78.
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    Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, Camilli AE, Knudson RJ. Longitudinal changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in adults. Methodologic considerations and findings in healthy nonsmokers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Jun;133(6):974-80. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.6.974.
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    Paoletti P, Pistelli G, Fazzi P, Viegi G, Di Pede F, Giuliano G, Prediletto R, Carrozzi L, Polato R, Saetta M, et al. Reference values for vital capacity and flow-volume curves from a general population study. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1986 Sep-Oct;22(5):451-9.
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    Lebowitz MD: Prevalence and Natural History of Asthma. In 'Lessons From the Past' (Reed C, Ed) Bernstein IL (Ed) Guidelines for Evaluation of Nonbronchodilator Therapy of Asthma. Wash., DC: American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, pp. 8-22, 1986
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    Bloom JW, Halonen M, Dunn AM, Pinnas JL, Burrows B. Pneumococcus-specific immunoglobulin E in cigarette smokers. Clin Allergy. 1986 Jan;16(1):25-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1986.tb01950.x.
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    Dodge R, Cline MG, Burrows B. Comparisons of asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis diagnoses in a general population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Jun;133(6):981-6. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.6.981.
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    Bronnimann S, Burrows B. A prospective study of the natural history of asthma. Remission and relapse rates. Chest. 1986 Oct;90(4):480-4. doi: 10.1378/chest.90.4.480.
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    Seeley GW, Mazzeo J, Borgstrom M, Hunter TB, Newell JD, Bjelland JC. Radiologic total lung capacity measurement. Development and evaluation of a computer-based system. Eur J Radiol. 1986 Nov;6(4):262-5.
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    Vollmer WM, Buist AS, Johnson LR, McCamant LE, Halonen M. Relationship between serum IgE and cross-sectional and longitudinal FEV1 in two cohort studies. Chest. 1986 Sep;90(3):416-23. doi: 10.1378/chest.90.3.416.
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    Kibler R, Hicks MJ, Wright AL, Taussig LM. A comparative analysis of cord blood and adult lymphocytes: interleukin-2 and interferon production, natural killer cell activity, and lymphocyte populations. Diagn Immunol. 1986;4(4):201-8.
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    Lebowitz MD: Passive Smoking and Health Effects. In IAQ, Stockholm: Liber Tryk, 6:29-32, 1986
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    Barbee RA, Kaltenborn W, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. Longitudinal changes in allergen skin test reactivity in a community population sample. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987 Jan;79(1):16-24. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(87)80010-6.
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    Camilli AE, Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Lyle SK, Lebowitz MD. Longitudinal changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in adults. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):794-9. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.794.
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    Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Camilli AE, Lyle SK, Lebowitz MD. The "horse-racing effect" and predicting decline in forced expiratory volume in one second from screening spirometry. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):788-93. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.788.
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    Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ. Physiological changes in pulmonary development related to passive smoking and its interaction with active smoking. Toxicol Lett. 1987 Jan;35(1):101-5. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(87)90092-0.
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    Barbee RA, Halonen M, Kaltenborn W, Lebowitz M, Burrows B. A longitudinal study of serum IgE in a community cohort: correlations with age, sex, smoking, and atopic status. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987 Jun;79(6):919-27. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90241-7.
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    Klink M, Quan SF. Prevalence of reported sleep disturbances in a general adult population and their relationship to obstructive airways diseases. Chest. 1987 Apr;91(4):540-6. doi: 10.1378/chest.91.4.540.
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    Knudson RJ, Kaltenborn WT, Knudson DE, Burrows B. The single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Reference equations derived from a healthy nonsmoking population and effects of hematocrit. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):805-11. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.805.
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    Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, Knudson RJ, Burrows B. Longitudinal study of pulmonary function development in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Development of pulmonary function. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Jul;136(1):69-75. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.1.69.
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    Habib MP, Klink ME, Knudson DE, Bloom JW, Kaltenborn WT, Knudson RJ. Physiologic characteristics of subjects exhibiting accelerated deterioration of ventilatory function. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Sep;136(3):638-45. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.3.638.
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    Barbee RA: The Epidemiology of Asthma. Chapter in Monograph on Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases, Schlumberger HD (Ed). S Karger, Basel, Publisher. 1987
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    Lebowitz MD, Collins L, Holberg CJ. Time series analyses of respiratory responses to indoor and outdoor environmental phenomena. Environ Res. 1987 Aug;43(2):332-41. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80033-6.
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    Burrows B, Bloom JW, Traver GA, Cline MG. The course and prognosis of different forms of chronic airways obstruction in a sample from the general population. N Engl J Med. 1987 Nov 19;317(21):1309-14. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198711193172103.
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    Holberg CJ, O'Rourke MK, Lebowitz MD. Multivariate analysis of ambient environmental factors and respiratory effects. Int J Epidemiol. 1987 Sep;16(3):399-410. doi: 10.1093/ije/16.3.399.
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    Lebowitz MD, Quackenboss J, Camilli AE, Bronnimann D, Holberg CJ, Boyer B. The epidemiological importance of intraindividual changes in objective pulmonary responses. Eur J Epidemiol. 1987 Dec;3(4):390-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00145651.
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    Quackenboss JJ, Lebowitz MD, Camilli AE, et al: Multipollutant Interactions and Health. In ibid
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    Lebowitz MD, Quackenboss JJ, et al: Development of Questionnaires and Survey Instruments. In: Design and Protocol. Phila.: ASTM, (in press), 1987
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    Bloom JW, Kaltenborn WT, Quan SF. Risk factors in a general population for snoring. Importance of cigarette smoking and obesity. Chest. 1988 Apr;93(4):678-83. doi: 10.1378/chest.93.4.678.
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    Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Cline MG, Lebowitz MD. A reexamination of risk factors for ventilatory impairment. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Oct;138(4):829-36. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/138.4.829.
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    Lebowitz MD: Respiratory Symptom: Concepts and Techniques for the Study of Respiratory Changes in Aging. In: Kent B and Butler RN (Eds), Human Aging Research: Concepts and Techniques. New York: Raven Press, 1988
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    Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ. Effects of parental smoking and other risk factors on the development of pulmonary function in children and adolescents. Analysis of two longitudinal population studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Sep;128(3):589-97. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115006.
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    Lebowitz MD: Prevalence and Incidence Rates of Airway Obstructive Peroblems: An International Comparison. Med Thoracica, 10:189-93, 1988
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    Lebowitz MD: Allergy Sufferers in the Southwest. Medical and Health Annual Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, pp. 274-276, 1988
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    Burrows B, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline MG. Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. N Engl J Med. 1989 Feb 2;320(5):271-7. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198902023200502.
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    Burrows B: Distribution of Allergy in the General Population. In: Bronchits IV. Proceedings Royal Van Gorcum Assen. The Netherlands. pp. 3-13, 1989
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    Burrows B: Allergy and Its Relationship to Asthma, Bronchial Reactivity and Chronic Airways Obstruction: An Epidemiological Perspective. In: S.T. Weiss and D. Sparrow (Eds), Airways Responsiveness and Allergy in the Development of Chronic Lung Disease. Raven Press, New York, NY, pp. 241-270, 1989
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    Barbee RA: Airways Responsiveness and Allergy in the Development of Chronic Lung Disease. In: Methodological Issues in the Assessment of Allergy. Edited by ST Weiss, M.D. and D Sparrow, M.D. Raven Press, New York, 1989
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    Burrows B: Natural History of Chronic Airflow Obstruction. In: Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Eds) M Hensley and NA Saunders. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989
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    Strunk RC, Sieber OF, Taussig LM, Gall EP. Serum complement depression during viral lower respiratory tract illness in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 1977 Sep;52(9):687-90. doi: 10.1136/adc.52.9.687.
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    Wagener JS, Taussig LM, DeBenedetti C, Lemen RJ, Loughlin GM. Pulmonary function in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr. 1981 Jul;99(1):108-10. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80972-9. No abstract available.
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    Manthei U, Taussig LM, Beckerman RC, Strunk RC. Circulating immune complexes in cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Aug;126(2):253-7. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.2.253.
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    Harrison HR, Taussig LM, Fulginiti VA. Chlamydia trachomatis and chronic respiratory disease in childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1982 Jan-Feb;1(1):29-33. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198201000-00008.
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    Sobonya RE, Logvinoff MM, Taussig LM, Theriault A. Morphometric analysis of the lung in prolonged bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res. 1982 Nov;16(11):969-72. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198211000-00014.
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    Godfrey S, Bar-Yishay E, Arad I, Landau LI, Taussig LM. Flow-volume curves in infants with lung disease. Pediatrics. 1983 Oct;72(4):517-22.
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    Davis PB, Hubbard VS, McCoy K, Taussig LM. Familial bronchiectasis. J Pediatr. 1983 Feb;102(2):177-85. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(83)80515-0. No abstract available.
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    Logvinoff MM, Fon GT, Taussig LM, Pitt MJ. Kyphosis and pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1984 Jul;23(7):389-92. doi: 10.1177/000992288402300705.
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    Pagtakhan RD, Bjelland JC, Landau LI, Loughlin G, Kaltenborn W, Seeley G, Taussig LM. Sex differences in growth patterns of the airways and lung parenchyma in children. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 May;56(5):1204-10. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1984.56.5.1204.
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    Morgan WJ, Taussig LM. The chronic bronchitis complex in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1984 Aug;31(4):851-64. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34649-1.
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    Soto ME, Sly PD, Uren E, Taussig LM, Landau LI. Bronchodilator response during acute viral bronchiolitis in infancy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1985 Mar-Apr;1(2):85-90. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950010206.
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    Reiter EO, Brugman SM, Pike JW, Pitt M, Dokoh S, Haussler MR, Gerstle RS, Taussig LM. Vitamin D metabolites in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis: effects of sun and season. J Pediatr. 1985 Jan;106(1):21-6. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80458-3.
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    Sobonya RE, Taussig LM. Quantitative aspects of lung pathology in cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Aug;134(2):290-5. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.134.2.290.
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    Morgan WJ, Taussig LM. The child with persistent cough. Pediatr Rev. 1987 Feb;8(8):249-53. doi: 10.1542/pir.8-8-249. No abstract available.
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    Boyce WT, Schaefer C, Harrison HR, Haffner WH, Lewis M, Wright AL. Sociocultural factors in puerperal infectious morbidity among Navajo women. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Mar;129(3):604-15. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115173.
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    Hoit JD, Hixon TJ, Altman ME, Morgan WJ. Speech breathing in women. J Speech Hear Res. 1989 Jun;32(2):353-65. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3202.353.
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    Summut PH, Taussig LM: Cystic Fibrosis in the Adolescent and Adult. In: Current Pulmonolgy, Vol. 10, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1989
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    Martinez FD, Taussig LM, Morgan WJ. Infants with upper respiratory illnesses have significant reductions in maximal expiratory flow. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1990;9(2):91-5. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950090206.
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    Halonen M, Stern D, Taussig LM, Wright A, Ray CG, Martinez FD. The predictive relationship between serum IgE levels at birth and subsequent incidences of lower respiratory illnesses and eczema in infants. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Oct;146(4):866-70. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.4.866.
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    Klink ME, Quan SF, Kaltenborn WT, Lebowitz MD. Risk factors associated with complaints of insomnia in a general adult population. Influence of previous complaints of insomnia. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Aug;152(8):1634-7.
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    Stern DA, Hicks MJ, Martinez FD, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Pinnas J, Halonen M, Taussig LM. Lymphocyte subpopulation number and function in infancy. Dev Immunol. 1992;2(3):175-9. doi: 10.1155/1992/64292.
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    Martinez FD, Holberg CJ. Segregation analysis of physician-diagnosed asthma in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white families. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995 Nov;25 Suppl 2:68-70; discussion 95-6. No abstract available.
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    Martinez FD, Stern DA, Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussig LM, Halonen M. Association of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production by blood mononuclear cells in infancy with parental allergy skin tests and with subsequent development of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 Nov;96(5 Pt 1):652-60. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70264-4.
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    7656942
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    von Mutius E, Sherrill DL, Fritzsch C, Martinez FD, Lebowitz MD. Air pollution and upper respiratory symptoms in children from East Germany. Eur Respir J. 1995 May;8(5):723-8.
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    Honsberg AE, Dodge RR, Cline MG, Quan SF. Incidence and remission of habitual snoring over a 5- to 6-year period. Chest. 1995 Sep;108(3):604-9. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.3.604.
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    Dodge R, Cline MG, Quan SF. The natural history of insomnia and its relationship to respiratory symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Sep 11;155(16):1797-800.
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    Lebowitz MD, Postma DS, Burrows B. Adverse effects of eosinophilia and smoking on the natural history of newly diagnosed chronic bronchitis. Chest. 1995 Jul;108(1):55-61. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.1.55.
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    Sherrill DL, Lebowitz MD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Burrows B. Longitudinal evaluation of the association between pulmonary function and total serum IgE. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jul;152(1):98-102. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599870.
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    Postma DS, Lebowitz MD. Persistence and new onset of asthma and chronic bronchitis evaluated longitudinally in a community population sample of adults. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Jul 10;155(13):1393-9.
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    Ey JL, Holberg CJ, Aldous MB, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Taussig LM. Passive smoke exposure and otitis media in the first year of life. Group Health Medical Associates. Pediatrics. 1995 May;95(5):670-7.
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    Witt-Enderby PA, Yamamura HI, Halonen M, Lai J, Palmer JD, Bloom JW. Regulation of airway muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes by chronic anticholinergic treatment. Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Mar;47(3):485-90.
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    Burrows B, Sears MR, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, Holdaway MD. Relations of bronchial responsiveness to allergy skin test reactivity, lung function, respiratory symptoms, and diagnoses in thirteen-year-old New Zealand children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 Feb;95(2):548-56. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70317-9.
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    Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jan 19;332(3):133-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199501193320301.
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    Sherrill DL, Halonen M, Burrows B. Relationships between total serum IgE, atopy, and smoking: a twenty-year follow-up analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994 Dec;94(6 Pt 1):954-62. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90113-9.
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    Dodge R, Cline MG, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. Findings before the diagnosis of asthma in young adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994 Nov;94(5):831-5. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90150-3.
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    Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM. The effect of paternal smoking on the birthweight of newborns whose mothers did not smoke. Group Health Medical Associates. Am J Public Health. 1994 Sep;84(9):1489-91. doi: 10.2105/ajph.84.9.1489.
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    Martinez FD, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Taussig LM. Evidence for Mendelian inheritance of serum IgE levels in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white families. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Sep;55(3):555-65.
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    von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Reitmeir P, Thiemann HH. Skin test reactivity and number of siblings. BMJ. 1994 Mar 12;308(6930):692-5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6930.692.
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    Sherrill DL, Holberg CJ, Enright PL, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. Longitudinal analysis of the effects of smoking onset and cessation on pulmonary function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Mar;149(3 Pt 1):591-7. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118623.
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    von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, Thiemann HH. Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb;149(2 Pt 1):358-64. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306030.
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    Camilli AE, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Taussig LM. Parental childhood respiratory illness and respiratory illness in their infants. Group Health Medical Associates. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993 Nov;16(5):275-80. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950160502.
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    von Mutius E, Nicolai T, Martinez FD. Prematurity as a risk factor for asthma in preadolescent children. J Pediatr. 1993 Aug;123(2):223-9. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81692-0.
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    Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Taussig LM. Child day care, smoking by caregivers, and lower respiratory tract illness in the first 3 years of life. Group Health Medical Associates. Pediatrics. 1993 May;91(5):885-92.
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    Sherrill DL, Martinez FD, Sears MR, Lebowitz MD. An alternative method for comparing and describing methacholine response curves. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jul;148(1):116-22. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.116.
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    Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussig LM, Martinez FD. Relationship of infant feeding to recurrent wheezing at age 6 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995 Jul;149(7):758-63. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170200048006.
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    Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig LM. Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics. 1994 Dec;94(6 Pt 1):895-901.
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    Ray CG, Holberg CJ, Minnich LL, Shehab ZM, Wright AL, Taussig LM. Acute lower respiratory illnesses during the first three years of life: potential roles for various etiologic agents. The Group Health Medical Associates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993 Jan;12(1):10-4. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199301000-00004.
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    Landau LI, Morgan W, McCoy KS, Taussig LM. Gender related differences in airway tone in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993 Jul;16(1):31-5. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950160107.
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    Duncan B, Ey J, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Taussig LM. Exclusive breast-feeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media. Pediatrics. 1993 May;91(5):867-72.
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    Ray CG, Minnich LL, Holberg CJ, Shehab ZM, Wright AL, Barton LL, Taussig LM. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory illnesses: possible influence of other agents. The Group Health Medical Associates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993 Jan;12(1):15-9.
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    Hampton F, Beardsmore CS, Morgan W, Williams A, Taussig L, Thompson JR. A scoring system for lung function tests in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1992 Nov;14(3):149-55. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950140303.
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    Wright AL, Holberg C, Martinez FD, Taussig LM. Relationship of parental smoking to wheezing and nonwheezing lower respiratory tract illnesses in infancy. Group Health Medical Associates. J Pediatr. 1991 Feb;118(2):207-14. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80484-6.
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    Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Holberg C, Taussig LM. Initial airway function is a risk factor for recurrent wheezing respiratory illnesses during the first three years of life. Group Health Medical Associates. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Feb;143(2):312-6. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.312.
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    Sherrill DL, Enright PL, Kaltenborn WT, Lebowitz MD. Predictors of longitudinal change in diffusing capacity over 8 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;160(6):1883-7. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9812072.
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    Sherrill DL, Stein R, Halonen M, Holberg CJ, Wright A, Martinez FD. Total serum IgE and its association with asthma symptoms and allergic sensitization among children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Jul;104(1):28-36. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70110-7.
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    Sherrill D, Stein R, Kurzius-Spencer M, Martinez F. On early sensitization to allergens and development of respiratory symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999 Jul;29(7):905-11. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00631.x.
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    Stein RT, Holberg CJ, Sherrill D, Wright AL, Morgan WJ, Taussig L, Martinez FD. Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life: the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Jun 1;149(11):1030-7. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009748.
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    Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Halonen M, Taussig LM, Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. Association of radiologically ascertained pneumonia before age 3 yr with asthmalike symptoms and pulmonary function during childhood: a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jun;159(6):1891-7. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9811035.
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    Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Differences in familial segregation of FEV1 between asthmatic and nonasthmatic families. Role of a maternal component. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1):162-9. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706117.
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    Lebowitz MD, Sherrill DL, Kaltenborn W, Burrows B. Peak expiratory flow from maximum expiratory flow volume curves in a community population: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1997 Feb;24:29S-38S.
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    Lombardi E, Stein RT, Wright AL, Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. The relation between physician-diagnosed sinusitis, asthma, and skin test reactivity to allergens in 8-year-old children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996 Sep;22(3):141-6. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199609)22:33.0.CO;2-S.
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