Underlying Causes and Related Factors, and Rehabilitation Approaches

Participant is seated with legs strapped in to the mounts and moves legs to the beat of a metronome to assess central motor control.

Technique in which nerves are stimulated to check guidance in the central nervous system

Technique in which nerves are stimulated to check guidance in the central nervous system

The participant is seated in a Biodex. While performing a leg extension the Quadriceps muscle is stimulated to check the guidance of electrical signals to the muscles.

Participant is seated in a Biodex and a protocol is performed to establish the muscle strength and muscle endurance of the legs.

A small piece of muscle tissue of the weakest leg will be biopsied and analyzed in the lab.

Cognitive test where numbers must be recalled in a certain order to evaluate short term memory

Cognitive test where numbers must be recalled in a certain order to evaluate short term memory

Cognitive test to evaluate attention and simultaneous processing of multiple stimuli.

Cognitive test to evaluate attention and simultaneous processing of multiple stimuli.

This is a cognitive test where the participant will try to retain certain numbers they hear and do math. Correct answer last 1/3 vs first 1/3

This is a cognitive test where the participant will try to retain certain numbers they hear and do math. Correct answer last 1/3 vs first 1/3

his is a cognitive performance test, substantiated with focus, speed, and visual scanning. Correct answers last 30 seconds vs first 30 seconds

his is a cognitive performance test, substantiated with focus, speed, and visual scanning. Correct answers last 30 seconds vs first 30 seconds

This is a motor test to assess the functional lower limb muscle strength. The participant is asked to stand from a seated position and sit down again as fast as possible for five times in a row.

This is a motor test to assess the functional lower limb muscle strength. The participant is asked to stand from a seated position and sit down again as fast as possible for five times in a row.

his is a motor test at which the participant is instructed to walk 25 ft (=7,62 meter) as fast and safely as possible. This is a quantitative performance test to assess mobility and leg function.

his is a motor test at which the participant is instructed to walk 25 ft (=7,62 meter) as fast and safely as possible. This is a quantitative performance test to assess mobility and leg function.

This is a motor test to assess the participant's manual skills. This test records the time the participant needs to place 9 pins in the pegboard and remove them again.

This is a motor test to assess the participant's manual skills. This test records the time the participant needs to place 9 pins in the pegboard and remove them again.

Grip strength will be evaluated through a Jamar dynamometer.

Grip strength will be evaluated through a Jamar dynamometer.

A sensor will be placed around the foot and worn by the participant for 5 days and nights to evaluate physical activity and quality of sleep.

A small camera will be placed under the tongue of the participant and blood vessels will be filmed to determine the quality of the blood vessels and immunity.

Participant have to walk as far as they can for 6 minutes. Total distance walked and fatigability by comparing first and last minute distance will be calculated.

A self-report scale of nine items about fatigue, its severity and how it affects certain activities. Answers are scored on a seven point scale where 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree. This means the minimum score possible is nine and the highest is 63. The higher the score, the more severe the fatigue is and the more it affects the person's activities. It is simple to understand and takes an average of eight minutes to answer

A self-report scale of nine items about fatigue, its severity and how it affects certain activities. Answers are scored on a seven point scale where 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree. This means the minimum score possible is nine and the highest is 63. The higher the score, the more severe the fatigue is and the more it affects the person's activities. It is simple to understand and takes an average of eight minutes to answer

This is a short questionnaire to evaluate to impact of general fatigue. This questionnaire measures the effects of fatigue on three levels: physical, cognitive and psychosocial. The MFIS is a 21-item questionaire, scale 0 (never)-4 (always), scale range 0-40

This is a short questionnaire to evaluate to impact of general fatigue. This questionnaire measures the effects of fatigue on three levels: physical, cognitive and psychosocial.The MFIS is a 21-item questionaire, scale 0 (never)-4 (always), scale range 0-40

This is a short questionnaire to cognitive and motor fatigue in people with MS. The FSMC is an assessment of MS-related cognitive and motor fatigue. A Likert-type 5-point scale (ranging from 'does not apply at all' to 'applies completely') produces a score between 1 and 5 for each scored question. Thus minimum value is 20 (no fatigue at all) and maximum value is 100 (severest grade of fatigue). Two subscales (mental and physical fatigue) can be made. Items included in the subscale mental are 1-4-7-8-11-13-15-17-18-20 and items included in the subscale physical are 2-3-5-6-9-10-12-14-16-19.

This is a short questionnaire to cognitive and motor fatigue in people with MS. The FSMC is an assessment of MS-related cognitive and motor fatigue. A Likert-type 5-point scale (ranging from 'does not apply at all' to 'applies completely') produces a score between 1 and 5 for each scored question. Thus minimum value is 20 (no fatigue at all) and maximum value is 100 (severest grade of fatigue). Two subscales (mental and physical fatigue) can be made. Items included in the subscale mental are 1-4-7-8-11-13-15-17-18-20 and items included in the subscale physical are 2-3-5-6-9-10-12-14-16-19.

This is a short questionnaire that evaluates symptoms of anxiety and depression in daily life. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression..

This is a short questionnaire that evaluates symptoms of anxiety and depression in daily life. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression.

This is a short questionnaire to evaluate sleeping pattern and potential sleeping disorders. The Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) is an eight-item rating scale (4-0) that was developed to screen for insomnia disorder based on DSM-5 criteria.

This is a short questionnaire to evaluate sleeping pattern and potential sleeping disorders. The Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) is an eight-item rating scale (4-0) that was developed to screen for insomnia disorder based on DSM-5 criteria.

This is a short questionnaire to evaluate social participation. scale 1 (not important) - 5(very important)

This is a short questionnaire to evaluate social participation. scale 1 (not important) - 5 (very important)

short questionnaire to map out walking difficulties in daily living. The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale is a self-assessment scale which measures the impact of MS on walking. It consists of 12 questions concerning the limitations to walking due to MS during the past 2 weeks. Each item can be answered with 5 options, with 1 meaning no limitation and 5 extreme limitation. A total score can be generated and transformed to a 0 to 100 scale by subtracting the minimum score possible (12) from the patient's score, dividing by the maximum score possible minus the minimum possible (60-12 or 48), and multiplying the result by 100. Walking improvement on the MSWS-12 is indicated by negative change scores.

short questionnaire to map out walking difficulties in daily living. The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale is a self-assessment scale which measures the impact of MS on walking. It consists of 12 questions concerning the limitations to walking due to MS during the past 2 weeks. Each item can be answered with 5 options, with 1 meaning no limitation and 5 extreme limitation. A total score can be generated and transformed to a 0 to 100 scale by subtracting the minimum score possible (12) from the patient's score, dividing by the maximum score possible minus the minimum possible (60-12 or 48), and multiplying the result by 100. Walking improvement on the MSWS-12 is indicated by negative change scores.

short questionnaire to map out walking difficulties in daily living. The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale is a self-assessment scale which measures the impact of MS on walking. It consists of 12 questions concerning the limitations to walking due to MS during the past 2 weeks. Each item can be answered with 5 options, with 1 meaning no limitation and 5 extreme limitation. A total score can be generated and transformed to a 0 to 100 scale by subtracting the minimum score possible (12) from the patient's score, dividing by the maximum score possible minus the minimum possible (60-12 or 48), and multiplying the result by 100. Walking improvement on the MSWS-12 is indicated by negative change scores.

short questionnaire to map out walking difficulties in daily living. The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale is a self-assessment scale which measures the impact of MS on walking. It consists of 12 questions concerning the limitations to walking due to MS during the past 2 weeks. Each item can be answered with 5 options, with 1 meaning no limitation and 5 extreme limitation. A total score can be generated and transformed to a 0 to 100 scale by subtracting the minimum score possible (12) from the patient's score, dividing by the maximum score possible minus the minimum possible (60-12 or 48), and multiplying the result by 100. Walking improvement on the MSWS-12 is indicated by negative change scores.

This is a short self-report questionnaire used to assess the day-to-day life in the past two weeks. This questionnaire has a physical and psychological scale. The MSIS-29 is a 29-item self-report measure with 20 items associated with a physical scale and 9 items with a psychological scale. Items ask about the impact of MS on day-to-day life in the past two weeks. All items have 5 response options: 1 "not at all" to 5"extremely". Each of the two scales are scored by summing the responses across items, then converting to a 0-100 scale where 100 indicates greater impact of disease on daily function (worse health). The physical impact score is computed by summing items number 1-20 inclusive. This score can then be transformed to a score on a scale of 0 -100

This is a short self-report questionnaire used to assess the day-to-day life in the past two weeks. This questionnaire has a physical and psychological scale. The MSIS-29 is a 29-item self-report measure with 20 items associated with a physical scale and 9 items with a psychological scale. Items ask about the impact of MS on day-to-day life in the past two weeks. All items have 5 response options: 1 "not at all" to 5"extremely". Each of the two scales are scored by summing the responses across items, then converting to a 0-100 scale where 100 indicates greater impact of disease on daily function (worse health). The physical impact score is computed by summing items number 1-20 inclusive. This score can then be transformed to a score on a scale of 0 -100

questionnaire to measure health status. The Optum® SF-36v2® Health Survey asks 36 questions to measure functional health and well-being from the patient's point of view. It is a practical, reliable and valid measure of physical and mental health that can be completed in five to ten minutes.

questionnaire to measure health status. The Optum® SF-36v2® Health Survey asks 36 questions to measure functional health and well-being from the patient's point of view. It is a practical, reliable and valid measure of physical and mental health that can be completed in five to ten minutes.