Active clinical trials for "Coinfection"

A cross sectional study would be done for prevalence of HIV-Tb. co infection among patients of HIV enrolled at ART centre, Khagaria, India, during June' 2015 to May' 2016. A comparative study of CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) T cell count among HIV-Tb. co infected patient and HIV patients would be taken in account.

Observational cohort study in children hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. Patients are nursed in cohort isolation. Aim is to investigate the incidence and clinical impact of co-infections in this group.

PCP (Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) is one of the important opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients including HIV-infected patients, transplant recipients, and immunosuppressant users. About one third of non-HIV patients with PCP have the evidence of co-infection with CMV. In this difficult clinical situation, physicians have difficulty to decide on whether anti-CMV treament will help patients with any evidence of CMV co-infection. However, there is no objective test to differentiate true co-infection of CMV from innocent bystander of CMV in those with PCP. The investigators thus evaluate the usefulness of CMV-specific ELISPOT assay in patients with PCP to differentiate true co-infection of CMV from inocent bystander of CMV. This findings may guide physicians to decide anti-CMV treatment in patients with PCP and CMV co-infection.

This project will observe and follow up the changes of pulmonary function and CT in patients with smoking combined with pulmonary tuberculosis, and measure the ratio of Th1 cells, Th17 cells, macrophages and neutrophils and the secretion of factors such as TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 in pulmonary blood and alveolar lavage fluid.

There is a strong causal association between persisting genital tract infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and gradual progression of infection to cervical (mouth of uterus) cancer.The robust study from India have shown that single round of HPV DNA screening test to significantly reduce the cervical cancer mortality. The above findings are very encouraging since it demonstrates that a simple and reliable HPV DNA test which is now available in low income countries has a potential to be accepted as primary screening test in future. The cross-sectional studies from developed countries from year 1999-2004 which focused to determine the test characteristics of HPV Hybrid Capture 2 test (HC2) to determine CIN2 and higher grade lesions, reported test sensitivity of 90% to 100% with a mean of 95%. Similarly the cross-sectional studies from developing countries from 1993 to 2003 which have focused on test characteristics of HPV DNA Hybrid capture 2 (HC2) test to determine CIN2 and higher grade lesions has shown a sensitivity in the range of 50% to 91% with an average sensitivity of 79%.Among the developing countries cross-sectional study from India which evaluated test reported sensitivity of only 68.2%. There is a statistical significant difference ( p value = 0.003) of sensitivity of HPV DNA HC2 test between the developed and developing countries to determine CIN2+ Lesions while there is no difference in the specificity. A study that was conducted in Chinese women to detected the prevalence of HPV genotype among women with mucopurulent cervicitis, healthy women and women with Invasive cancer, the author reported a 10% higher failure rates to extract HPV DNA in cases of mucopurulent cervicitis as compared to other two groups. So the study will explore if if the presence of untreated co-infections with STIs/RTIs (Sexually transmitted infections/Reproductive tract infections) resulting in cervical inflammation is somewhere interfering with low sensitivity of HC2 test due to presence of blood and excess mucus associated with the conditions leading to low sensitivity of the test in context to Indian Scenario.

HIV induced altered representation and function of regulatory T cell subsets (NKT and Treg cells) impair the protective T cell response against M.tuberculosis and disrupts LTBI, thus facilitates faster progression and development of severe forms of clinical TB in HIV-TB co-infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus/Hepatitis B virus (HIV/HBV) co-infections are frequently observed due to shared routes of transmission, with reported figures indicating 6-9% of HIV-infected individuals in developed countries are chronically infected with HBV. HIV infection impacts on the natural progression of HBV infection, increasing levels of HBV replication and the risk of liver-associated mortality. Liver diseases associated with HBV are affected by the antiviral drugs used for HIV infection (toxic side effects), the current immune function in the patient, by improvements in the immune system brought about by control of the HIV infection, and by the development of resistance to the antiviral agents used for both the hepatitis B and the HIV infection. Co-infection with HBV increases the risk for hepatotoxicity in those individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for their HIV infection. This study will recruit patients who are co-infected with HIV and HBV, and are currently taking or who are about to commence HAART. The study cohort will include HIV-HBV co-infected individuals from the Alfred Hospital, the Royal Melbourne Hospital and high case load GP clinics who are referred to the Alfred Hospital. The aim of the study is to investigate chronic hepatitis B and its impact on the progression of liver disease in HIV-infected persons receiving HAART. This will be achieved by 6 monthly assessment with medical history, physical examination, bloods for markers of liver disease and hepatitis B activity and completion of questionnaires to measure adherence and alcohol use.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the difference in frequency and level of liver function disturbance between patients on efavirenz based ART, and patients on nevirapine based ART in HBV and HCV co-infected patients, (and/or with patients with abnormal liver function prior to ART), in China. Liver function tests will be measured at baseline and follow-up.

Atni-HBs to HBsAg and Anit-HBc was interpreted based on three hepatitis markers for clinical detection of HBV-infections. HBAg and Anti-HBs were negative and the Anit-HBc-positive referred to as Anti-HBc alone. When the Anti-HBc alone occurs, patients may be due to mutations in HBV HBsAg can not be detected due to (1), but if by the molecular diagnostics by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology can detect HBV DNA present. When Anti-HBc alone in patients with serum HBV DNA can be measured, then there may be occult HBV infection. In different countries, Occult HBV infection in the Anti-HBc Alone group had significant differences in the prevalence (2.9 ~ 22.8%) (2), but prevalence survey in Taiwan there are very few studies on this , It is hoped to be able to investigation the prevalence of occult HBV infection Among Anti-HBc Alone.

Data from this study will provide the first information how the innate immune system may be altered in HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV co-infected individuals, and describe Toll-like receptor changes with HIV co-infection therapy.