Active clinical trials for "Vomiting"

Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common adverse effect in treatment of cancer, which influences the quality of life and adherence to treatment of patients and leads to dehydration, malnutrition and even death. Prevention and relieving the CINV is an important step to ensure the conduction of chemotherapy. Mechanism of CINV remains to be obscure, while most studies showed that it is mainly related to the following respects: ⑴ Chemotherapeutic agents stimulate gastrointestinal tract, which induces the release of neurotransmitters by chromaffin cells. Neurotransmitters bind to corresponding receptors, and then results in vomiting by stimulating the vomiting center; ⑵ Chemotherapeutic agents and the metabolites of them activate chemoreceptors directly, which causes vomiting. ⑶ Feeling and mental factors irritate cerebral cortex pathway directly. There are studies suggested that 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was related to acute nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, which means 5-HT receptor antagonist would be a effective medicine for acute CINV. In addition, there are researches proclaimed that neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, aprepitant, is a potent agent to relieve CINV. Thus, correlative guidelines recommend regimens with 5-HT receptor antagonist, NK-1 receptor antagonist and glucocorticoid as the standard treatment for strongly emetic chemotherapy regimens. But the prevention of moderately emetic chemotherapy regimens remains to be a problem in clinical practice. Besides, there is no study to demonstrate differences of mechanisms between acute CINV and delayed CINV. Olanzapine inhibits kinds of neurotransmitters which cause CINV, it is why this medicine is effective in both acute and delayed CINV. It can also alleviate anxiety, improve sleep quality and relieve pain in patients with cancer. The most common adverse effects of olanzapine are lethargy, body mass increase, fatigue, dry mouth, constipation, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Among them, the most common one is lethargy, which can oppose insomnia and excitation caused by dexamethasone. In a word, olanzapine is an agent with mild adverse effects, it is worth to be generalized. But there are still problems to be resolved in the application of olanzapine in CINV: ⑴ Aprepitant is expensive and not covered in medical care in China, which limits the application in patients. ⑵There is no large clinical trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of olanzapine in Chinese populations. To explore these issues better, investigators intend to compare the regimen with olanzapine, dexamethasone and 5-HT receptor antagonists with the regimen with placebo, dexamethasone and 5-HT receptor antagonists about the efficacy and adverse events in treatment of CINV. Investigators aim to provide an available therapeutic options for CINV, improve the quality of life and prolong the survival of patients with lung cancer.

Comparing between cyclizine and dexamethasone in preventing PONV after CS under spinal anesthesia with spinal opiate.

Olanzapine-containing regimens for CINV prophylaxis may provide even better protection than aprepitant-containing regimens.

The purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fosaprepitant plus ondansetron with dexamethasone or placebo plus ondansetron with dexamethasone in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with MEC/HE multi-day chemotherapy in children with solid tumors.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter placement surgery for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be performed under peripheral nerve block. This study assessed the ability of ultrasound guided left lateral transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block combined with rectus sheath (RS) block in PD catheter placement surgery. Also, surgeries are common surgeries performed in elderly patients throughout the world. Although there is an increasing trend towards laparoscopic surgeries, open procedures continue to remain common therapeutic modalities especially in the developing countries. Pain is reported more commonly in patients undergoing open procedures than laparoscopic procedures. Postoperative pain and tissue injury associated with surgery initiated a systemic stress response which has neuroendocrine, immunological, and haematological responses. Opioids are an important modality of postoperative pain management. They blunt the neuroendocrine stress response to pain. However, they are associated with several adverse effects like respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting , pruritus, constipation, urinary retension, bradycardia and hypotension. Transversus abdominis plane block（TAPB）is a relative novel procedure in which local anesthetic agents are injected into the anatomic plane between the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis muscle. It allows a significantly prolonged duration of analgesia during the early postoperative stage in abdominal surgery. This regional anesthesia technique provides analgesia to the skin, muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and parietal peritoneum in order to decrease the incision-related pain. Thus, it reduces postoperative opiate requirements and opioids-related side effects (nausea, vomiting, delayed resumption of intestinal transit, drowsiness, respiratory depression, urine retention). Nalbuphine, being mu antagonist an kappa agonist, has a ceiling effect in its respiratory depression. Many studies have reported that incidence of adverse effects like pruritus and PONV is lower with nalbuphine in comparison with morphine. The purpose of this study is to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effect profile of sulfentanyl with nalbuphine in elderly patients undergoing open gastrointestinal surgeries.

Ultra-thin bonded posterior occlusal veneers represent a conservative alternative to traditional onlays and complete coverage crowns for the treatment of severe erosive lesions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether ceramic and composite resin ultrathin occlusal veneers (0.6 - 1.0 mm thick) are effective in the rehabilitation of patients affected by moderate and severe dental erosion.

Every year, more than 5 million patients in the US experience postoperative nausea and/or vomiting (PONV) and in the ambulatory setting post-discharge nausea and/or vomiting (PDNV) is the most common cause for unanticipated hospital re-admissions. Similarly, millions of patients suffer from chemotherapy induced nausea and/or vomiting (CINV), and one out of five patients discontinues chemotherapy for this reason. Thus, the control of nausea and vomiting remains a major health concern for the investigators society. The investigatorsoverall goal is to further the understanding of nausea and vomiting and optimize antiemetic selection in order to facilitate individualized patient care. Unfortunately, current antiemetics reduce the incidence of nausea by only about one third. As a result, antiemetics are often combined, exposing patients to adverse events and drug interactions without evidence for the most effective combination. Moreover, it remains unclear why such a large amount of inter-individual variability exists in antiemetic responsiveness. 5HT3, NK1, and GABA receptors are targets for some of the most commonly prescribed anti-emetics. Furthermore, these receptors have many known genetic polymorphisms, including several linked to incidence of nausea and vomiting. Thus pharmacogenomic variation may in part explain interindividual differences in treatment responses and will be tested in this proposal. Leveraging the established infrastructure of the UCSF Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and the support of 6 patient recruitment sites, the investigators will enroll 1280 high risk patients to three oral interventions with distinct mechanisms of action for nausea and vomiting. Investigating nausea and vomiting in ambulatory surgical patients is an excellent model for this trial owing to a high incidence, short observational period, and the ability to standardize and control potentially confounding variables. In this proposal, 100% of patients will receive a single intraoperative dose of 4 mg ondansetron, which is similar to the 80% of patients who receive prophylaxis in common practice. Using a factorial design, these patients will be randomized to receive one out of eight possible combinations of the three interventions (ondansetron, aprepitant, lorazepam) versus placebo (ond+aprep+lora, ond+aprep, ond+lora, aprep+lora, ond, aprep, lora, or placebo). Thus, in this proposal 87.5% (7 out of 8 patients) will have antiemetic coverage for the postdischarge period, which is considerably higher than in common practice, where only 4% of patients have antiemetic coverage after discharge. The primary endpoint will be the prevention of nausea and vomiting within 48 hours after ambulatory surgery. The advantage of the factorial trial design is its high efficiency to systematically investigate multiple interventions while allowing us to test for potential interactions. It is also an ideal format for the simultaneous assessment of pharmacogenomic interactions of antiemetics in this proposal. To this end, the investigators will collect DNA samples and take advantage of the unique opportunity to investigate the effects of variation in candidate receptor genes in the context of the three treatment interventions for PDNV. This approach may in part explain inter-individual differences in drug efficacy and allow for future screening of at-risk patients. Specifically, the investigators will be assessing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) of targeted receptors for the antiemetics tested. Aim 1: To determine efficacy of three interventions for the prevention of PDNV. Hypothesis 1.1: Each intervention reduces the incidence of PDNV. Hypothesis 1.2: Efficacy of all interventions is independent so that efficacy of a combination can be derived from the efficacy of the individual interventions. Aim 2: To determine if drug response for anti-emetics is dependent upon genetic variance. Hypothesis 2: Efficacy of ondansetron, aprepitant and lorazepam to reduce PDNV differs with 5HT3, NK1, and GABA receptor gene variation, respectively.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) persists as one of the more common complications of surgery. Although rarely life-threatening, it is the postoperative outcome that is most unfavorable to patients, even more undesirable than pain. Orthognathic surgery corrects conditions of the jaws and face related to structure, growth, sleep apnea, bad bite, or congenital malformations. The bones of the face and jaws are cut and placed in a new position. There is a high rate of PONV in orthognathic surgery (56%). It is particularly challenging to the patient as their jaws are kept closed together with wires or elastic bands. Nausea in a patient with restricted mouth opening can be psychologically unnerving and puts them at risk for fluid in their lungs. Gan and colleagues showed a higher efficacy of aprepitant over ondansetron in preventing PONV and nausea severity after open abdominal surgery. From this study, the FDA approved the use of aprepitant for PONV prevention in patients >18 years of age. Gan suggested further investigation in different populations. Our randomized, double-blind, prospective study will compare the efficacy of aprepitant PO versus ondansetron IV in a high risk setting for PONV: adolescents undergoing orthognathic surgery. Our study will involve 200 consecutive, adolescent patients (ages 15-25) who will undergo at least a Le Fort 1 osteotomy (upper jaw surgery) under general anesthesia and require hospital admission for at least one night. We will exclude patients who are currently taking medications that have interactions with aprepitant (pimozide, terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride), those who have a known vomiting disorder such as bulimia, and those who have vomited for any reason within 24 hours of surgery. The procedure will be performed by 5 surgeons and general anesthesia will be administered by 3 anesthesiologists at one institution. A study coordinator, who will not be involved in the treatment, will create the randomization schedule in order to ensure blindness. The patients will be randomized to either of two groups: 1) aprepitant 40 mg PO 2) ondansetron 4 mg IV. Appropriate verbal and written consent will be obtained by the priniciple investigator or surgeon. On the day of the procedure, all patients will receive a pill (aprepitant or aprepitant placebo) at least 1 hour prior to induction of anesthesia and an IV infusion (ondansetron or saline) over 2-5 minutes prior to intubation. The timing and doses of medications will be consistent with manufacturer's recommendations. An established protocol will ensure every patient will receive the same anesthetic regiment. Patient's fluid status will be closely monitored and hydrated appropriately according to known fluid balance calculations. Efficacy will be assessed based on criteria set by Gan et al and will be based on the presence/absence of a vomiting episode, use of rescue medication and subjective evaluation of nausea. Patients will be monitored continuously in the PACU and on the hospital floor by the caring team (nurse, resident, anesthesiologist, surgeon) for any emetic episode or use of rescue therapy. An emetic episode is defined as an act of vomiting (oral expulsion of stomach contents) or retching (non-productive vomiting). Nausea will be assessed at intervals of 0, 2, 6, 24 hours after surgery with T0 being time of extubation. Patients will rate nausea on a 11-point verbal rating scale, with 0 being "not nausea" to 10 being "the worst nausea." Rescue medication will be offered if the patient has more than one episode of vomiting or retching, if the patient has nausea lasting longer than 15 minutes, or if the patient requests it for established nausea or vomiting.

Multicenter, randomized, open-label, paralled-group, active-controlled study. The study is to demonstrate non-inferiority of the Granisetron Transdermal Delivery System (GTDS) compared with the intravenous and oral Granisetron in the prevention of CINV associated with moderately emetogenic Chemotherapy. Patients scheduled to receive the one cycle of a ME chemotherapy regimen administered for 1-4 days will attend a Screening Visit 2 to 28 days before start of ME chemotherapy. Eligible patients will be randomized to 1 of 2 treatment groups at the Randomization Visit (1 to 2 days prior to ME chemotherapy). Sancuso patch Kytril inj.+Kytril tab. The patch will be applied 2days (48-24h) prior to first daily dose of the moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimen and remain in place for 6 days. The patient will be assessed daily until 4days after first chemotherapy administration. Adverse Events (AEs) will be collected until 14 days after the final dose of IP. Non-serious AEs will be followed-up until 14 days after the final dose of IP. Serious adverse events will be followed-up until they are resolved, stable or until the patient is lost to follow-up.

This study evaluates the addition of fosaprepitant to currently available antiemtic treatments of carboplatin chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Half of the patients will receive fosaprepitant in their first chemotherapy cycle, and a placebo on their second chemotherapy cycle. The other half of the patients will begin their first chemotherapy cycle.