Comparison of Visceral Adipokines Visfatin, Vaspin and Omentin Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus...
Gestational DiabetesObesity1 moreThe prevalence of maternal obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide and constitutes an important obstetric problem that increases mortality and morbidity in both mothers and infants. Obese women are prone to pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and children of obese mothers are more likely to develop cardiovascular and metabolic disease later in life. The risk of developing GDM in obese pregnants is 1.3-3.8 times higher than in pregnant women with a normal body mass index, and approximately 70% of women with GDM remain at risk of developing type 2 diabetes until 28 years postpartum. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects approximately 6% of pregnant women and its prevalence is increasing in parallel with the obesity epidemic. GDM is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including macrosomia, preterm delivery, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal jaundice, and congenital anomalies. It is also associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus after birth. It is known that visceral adipose tissue increases in obese women. It is thought that there is a relationship between visceral adipose tissue increase and diabetes. In this study, the levels of new adipocytokines such as Visfatin, Vaspin and Omentin secreted from visceral adipose tissue in patients diagnosed with GDM will be measured.
Study of Pregnancy Regulation of Insulin and Glucose
Gestational Diabetes MellitusIt is unknown whether beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is representative of a chronic maternal defect, unmasked by pregnancy, or whether it is the result of an imbalance of a placental hormones. Undiscovered placental factors which vary between pregnancies likely contribute to the pathogenesis of GDM. To elucidate the pathophysiology underlying GDM, the investigators will attempt to discover these factors and characterize pregnancy-associated changes in insulin secretion and sensitivity in women with and without GDM.
Maternal GDM in Hispanic Youth: Risk for Obesity
DiabetesGestational3 moreOur studies are aimed at examining effects of intrauterine exposure to GDM on metabolic risks in Hispanic children. Our primary hypothesis predicts that intrauterine exposure to GDM will be associated with one or more of three critical factors involved in the development of diabetes: 1) increased adiposity, 2) insulin resistance, and 3) decreased beta cell function in Hispanic children when compared to non-exposed children matched for ethnicity, age, gender, and Tanner stage. In a subset of this cohort, we will also examine the effects of intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes on the brain pathways that regulate appetite and body weight in children ages 6 to 15 years old.
Determination of Maternal and Neonatal Apelinemia in Obese Women During Pregnancy
ObesityPregnancy1 moreBackground : Apelin and its receptor APJ have been implicated in pathologies including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Little is known about the function of the apelinergic system during gestation. Objective : The main objective of this study is to compare apelinemia in fasting normal weight and obese women at the end of pregnancy, between 35 and 41 weeks of gestation (WG). Strategy and method: A prospective research evaluating will be conducted to compare apelinemia in fasting normal weight and obese women at the end of pregnancy, between 35 and 41 weeks of gestation (WG). A third group will be created to check if gestational diabetes is not a confounding factor in obesity (group of obese women with gestational diabetes). Investigators will try to see if apelinemia is correlated to lipidic and glycemic markers. Samples will be collected in the cord blood to compare maternal and neonatal apelinemia and to see if neonatal apelinemia is correlated to the child's weight and birth size and to the weight of the placenta. Placenta samples will be collected and RT-qPCR will be done to analyze RNA in each group. Two days after delivery, obese and not obese women will be fasted and plasma and colostrum will be collected. Investigators will compare apelin levels in the colostrum between these 2 groups and then investigators will try to see if apelin level is correlated in the colostrum and in maternal plasma.
Modulation of the Intestinal Flora With the Probiotic VIVOMIXX™ in Pregnant Women at Risk of Metabolic...
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in PregnancyDiet- Controlled3 moreThe investigators aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of probiotics ingestion in changing maternal microbiota and preventing gestational diabetes in overweight and obese women. To achieve these goals, obese (BMI> 30 kg/m^2) or overweight (BMI> 25 kg/m^2) pregnant women with risk factors were enrolled in the study and randomized to the supplementation with the probiotic VIVOMIXX® or with placebo. The endpoints of this study are to evaluate if the dietary supplementation with the probiotic VIVOMIXX® modifies the maternal fecal microbiota (bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) and related enzymatic activity (alkaline sphingomyelinase and alkaline phosphatase), and if this if this is linked to an improvement of the intermediate metabolism (positive Oral Glucose Tolerance Test at 24-26 weeks).
Late Metabolic Effects of Metformin Therapy in Gestational Diabetes
Gestational DiabetesMetformin in widely used as the treatment of gestational diabetes. However, it is not known whether exposure to metformin in utero has late metabolic effects on the child. In this study the investigators investigate metabolism (oral glucose tolerance test, insulin, plasma lipoproteins, inflammation markers as well as body composition by DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorption) and MRI) in 9 year-old children whose mothers used either metformin of insulin during pregnancy.
Improved Outcomes Associated With Inositol Dietary Supplementation in Women With Gestational Diabetes...
Gestational Diabetes MellitusObjective: Insulin resistance during normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are unknown. New criteria are based on fasting glucose levels since the beginning of pregnancy. Inositol, a putative second messenger of insulin, correlates with the degree of insulin resistance. Dietary supplementation of inositol improves insulin resistance in patients with GDM.
Glyburide and Metformin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Systematic Review
Gestational Diabetes MellitusSince the publication in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in 2000 of the Langer's trial comparing glyburide vs insulin in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), additional studies of oral agents for the treatment of GDM have been published (observational, randomized controlled trials (RCT), and trials using other drugs like metformin). Some meta-analysis to summarize the evidence have been published: Nicholson 2009 (including 4 RCT addressing different drugs), Dhulkotia 2010 (including 6 RCT addressing different drugs, the meta-analysis combining all drugs altogether), Gui 2013 (including 5 RCT addressing metformin vs insulin). Oral agents are increasingly used for the treatment of GDM. Investigators aim to update the evidence on RCTs comparing glyburide and metformin vs insulin or between them and summarize this evidence using meta-analysis tools. Specifically, investigators aim at producing distinct meta-analyses for each one of the three drug comparisons. This information is not available in the literature since the most recent systematic reviews specifically dealing on oral agents for the treatment of GDM have addressed a single drug comparison (Gui 2013) or have combined different drug comparisons into a single meta-analysis (Dhulkotia 2010)
Adipocytokines, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Lipid Metabolism
Gestational Diabetes MellitusApelin, Visfatin, Omentin and Resistin are adipocytokines derived from human adipose tissue as well as placental tissue and have been shown to be potential mediators of insulin resistance. In each pregnancy, a physiological Insulin resistance syndrome occurs to ensure that the fetus is sufficiently supplied with glucose. Due to their impact on glucose transport mechanisms adipocytokines play an important role for the development of insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy - associated diseases with a prevalence of 5-10% of all pregnancies and its prevalence is increasing. It is associated with severe hazards to both mother and fetus such as macrosomia, plexus palsy, premature delivery and intrauterine death. Furthermore, up to 50% of women with GDM develop Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) within the following ten years after pregnancy. GDM seems to be a potent risk factor for the development of DM2 in later life by sharing a number of epidemiological, physiological and genetic characteristics with DM2. Therefore, alterations in adipocytokine levels in women with GDM, if present, may resemble those observed with DM2. Furthermore, the exact pathogenesis of GDM is not completely understood, however, increased insulin resistance is a well demonstrated mechanism. Adipocytokines are known to alter insulin resistance through several mechanisms described in the literature. The investigators therefore expect a possible relationship between the above described adipocytokines and gestational diabetes mellitus. Results of the HAPO-Study have shown a significant association between fetal outcome and mean blood glucose levels in women suffering from GDM. The HAPO Study group supposed a possible relationship between GDM and fetal insulin levels and used C-Peptide to quantify fetal hyperinsulinemia. A recent study suggests that not only hyperglycemia but also altered maternal lipid metabolism may constitute a risk factor for macrosomia in GDM. In summary, the investigators aim to illuminate a possible association between the adipocytokines Apelin, Omentin, Resistin and Visfatin, lipid metabolism and gestational diabetes mellitus.
Fish Oil Supplementation in Women With Gestational Diabetes
Fetal MacrosomiaCongenital Abnormality1 moreGestational diabetes is the development of diabetes during pregnancy. Left untreated, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia can lead to serious -- or even fatal -- complications for both mother and child. Some evidence suggesting omega-3 fatty acids might help protect women from two serious pregnancy complications -- gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Omega-3 fatty acids, in particular Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), help a pregnant woman give her developing baby every advantage in life starting in-utero. Recent studies suggested that the biologic processes underlying the observed associations may involve epigenetic changes, specifically DNA methylation. In this study the investigators aimed to examine the effect of fish oil supplementation in women with gestational diabetes mellitus on newborn outcomes and insulin like growth factor 1 DNA methylation.