Active clinical trials for "Insulin Resistance"

The most important objective of this randomized controlled trial in subjects with increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors is to investigate whether only reduced daily sitting improves human cardiovascular and metabolic health during a six-month intervention. It is hypothesized and expected that only reduced sitting, without formal physical activity or exercise training, affects favorably cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Oleanolic acid (OA), a triterpene that is highly present in olive leaves, has been proposed as component of functional foods in the prevention of metabolic syndrome due to its anti-inflammatory activity. In this research project we will study the presence of OA in postprandial TRL in healthy adolescents and in normal weight. Moreover, THP-1 macrophages will be incubated with LPS for 48h after pretreatment with OA at different concentrations. Also, TRL will be isolated from healthy adolescents before and 2 and 5h postprandially after the intake of a meal containing the functional olive oil or common olive oil and incubated with THP-1 macrophages.

We hypothesize that reduction in dietary advance glycation endproducts (AGE) intake will increase insulin sensitivity and normalise insulin secretion in overweight and obese individuals through reduction of chronic low grade inflammation. We propose to test this hypothesis by performing euglycemic hypeinsulinemic glucose clamp and intravenous glucose tolerance test before and after low AGE diet and normal Australian diet in a cross-over design. This study will provide information relevant to the development and prevention of type 2 diabetes.

The study is designed to compare muscle energy capacity in men with obesity or diabetes as compared to athletes. This study will also enable researchers to determine whether MRS can replace muscle biopsy for this type of assessment.

The investigators hypothesize that cycling for 1 hour of exercise at 65% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) after sitting >13 hr/day (SIT+EX) will not be different in postprandial plasma insulin responses compared to the control of only sitting (SIT). Furthermore, the investigators hypothesize that the SIT and SIT+EX groups will have a less favorble insulin response compared to the physically active group after performing the same 1-hour exercise bout (ACTIVE+EX).

Despite exercise training decrease blood fasting glycemia in 'average' terms, there is a wide interindividual variability after exercise training explored mainly in adults but not in children. Thus, is yet unknown what baseline health status as well as the influence of what health variable may produce more/less non-responder (NR) prevalence (i.e., percentage of subjects who experienced a non-change/worsened response after training in some metabolic outcomes) after exercise training in school children.

Obesity and metabolic disease result when energy intake consistently exceeds energy expenditure. One appealing new target for treatment is the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), an organ recently found to be functional in adult humans. Brown adipocytes selectively express uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which renders the inner membrane of mitochondria leaky, thereby diverting chemical energy from ATP generation to heat production. Interest in BAT has been spurred by the recognition that in addition to classical BAT depots, other brown-fat-like cells are present in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) in animals and also in humans.These cells have structural and functional properties that resemble brown adipocytes, and they are referred to as beige or 'brite' (brown-in-white) adipocytes. Interestingly, browning of WAT can be induced in animals and humans by physiological stimuli such as cold exposure, which increases adrenergic tone, and by exercise, which selectively drives WAT browning through irisin, an exercise-induced myokine. In addition b-adrenergic drugs and other pharmacological agents,such as prostaglandins, can induce browning of white adipose tissue. More recently, one study showed that treatment of C57BL/6 mice with phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil (12 mg/kg/d) for 7 d caused 4.6-fold increase in uncoupling protein-1 expression and promoted establishment of a brown fat cell-like phenotype ("browning") of WAT in vivo. Therefore, the investigators hypothesized that sildenafil can promote browning of white adipose tissue and improves insulin sensitivity in human adults.

The traditional weight loss diet recommended by health professionals has been a low-fat, high-carbohydrate, calorie restricted diet. This recommendation has been challenged by a number of alternative dietary strategies, particularly low-carbohydrate diets. In several recent weight loss studies insulin resistant adults had more success with low- vs. high-carbohydrate diets, in contrast to insulin sensitive adults who had either more success or comparable success with the low-fat diets. The investigators enrolled 61 people with a wide range of insulin sensitivity/resistance. After determining their insulin resistance status, the investigators will split them in the middle and randomly assign them to one of four groups for six months: (1) Low-Carbohydrate/Insulin Resistant (LC/IR); (2) Low-Carbohydrate/Insulin Sensitive (LC/IS); (3) Low-Fat/Insulin Resistant (LF/IR); and (4) Low-Fat/Insulin Sensitive (LF/IS) (15 people/group). After 6 months the participants will switch diet for the following 6 months, i.e. those randomized to the Low-Carbohydrate diet will switch to the Low-Fat diet and vice-versa. The primary outcome of this study is to determine whether weight loss success can be increased if one follows the dietary approach appropriately matched to their insulin resistance status. Secondary outcomes include fasting insulin, glucose, lipids, and fatty acid composition. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0-hypothesis: advisory support does not prolong the the breast-feeding period minimize the risk of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in infants of obese mothers

Impact of resistance training in prepubertal children with obesity focusing mostly in changes in body composition and markers of insulin resistance. Hypothesis is that this will show positive changes in this randomized controlled trial.