Active clinical trials for "Insulin Resistance"

The importance of Aldosterone for endothelial function and Insulin resistance observed within patients with type 2 diabetes

Background: Humans naturally produce ketone bodies under daily living conditions. The main ketone bodies are two functioning acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (3-OHB) and acetoacetate, and the pH-neutral, but odorous, acetone. In the fed state, level of 3-OHB is suppressed to an almost unmeasurable level while, in the fasted state, it rises to 0.1-0.5 millimoles (mM). Main regulation of ketone synthesis is the abundance of sugars and resulting adaptations in insulin secretion. Thus, ketone bodies are formed when sugar is not readily available and insulin is suppressed. This picture is, to a certain degree, seen in acute inflammatory states and, indeed, during starvation, where level of 3-OHB increases to 5-8 mM. Hypothesis: Ketone bodies changes the insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism in human subjects Ketone bodies changes the GH signaling in muscle and adipose tissue Aim: The investigators wish to provide knowledge on changes in metabolites and shift in signaling pathways and insulin sensitivity during GH infusion and concomitant ketone bodies infusion among healthy subjects.

In this pilot study, the investigators plan to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C due to HCV genotype 3 infection using an interferon-free regimen consisting in the administration of ribavirin and sofosbuvir/ledipasvir - a combination of a nucleotide RNA polymerase inhibitor with a non-structural protein 5A inhibitor. Patients will undergo a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, using tracers, and indirect calorimetry to assess whether the viral suppression induced by this regimen will be capable of reversing the glucose metabolic alterations induced by HCV in both the liver and extrahepatic compartments. Adipose and muscle tissue biopsies will also be performed to assess some specific molecular changes induced by HCV.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of female sex hormones in relation to insulin resistance in a controlled human experimental model of menopause and to explore whether exercise and/or hormone treatment (HT) can compensate for loss of endogenous sex hormone production by maintaining insulin sensitivity and metabolic activity at a level equivalent to what is seen in premenopausal women. Loss of ovarian function is associated with an increased incidence of metabolic disease including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This increased disease incidence seems to be related to changes in body composition including decreased skeletal muscle mass and increased visceral fat mass as well as decreased whole body fat oxidation and energy expenditure. Regular physical activity decreases general mortality among other things by increasing fat free mass and insulin sensitivity and hereby prevents metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease - conditions seen with an increased incidence after menopause and could therefore be a possible treatment. In the present study the Investigators will assess the role of sex hormones in a model of menopause where healthy women are undergoing planned bilateral oophorectomy due to risk of hereditary ovary cancer. The use of this model makes it possible to control the time point for loss of ovarian function and hereby investigate the timeframe and possible contributing factors in a strictly controlled model. 48 premenopausal women will be included in the study. The study is conducted in women who have already been offered surgical oophorectomy. The first 2 months the study will be an observational cohort study. Hereafter the patients will be allocated to one of four groups (n=12) in a randomized controlled trial, addressing the effects of 6 months of exercise with or without HT. Type of surgery has been decided before inclusion based on medical indications. The women will be offered HT according to national guidelines, but the choice is up to them. Randomization applies only to the training intervention. Firstly the Investigators aim at investigating the role of endogenous female sex hormones and HT in relation to insulin resistance, whole body fat oxidation and -energy expenditure, changes in visceral fat mass and fat free mass after oophorectomy. Secondly, the Investigators wish to study the molecular mechanisms behind the oophorectomy-induced insulin resistance with a focus on insulin signaling in skeletal muscle and fat tissue. Lastly, the investigators aim to explore whether exercise and/or HT can compensate for loss of endogenous female sex hormone production by maintaining IS and metabolic activity, hereby preventing future incidents of metabolic disease in relation to menopause. All in all, this project will contribute with new knowledge concerning the question of how endogenous female sex hormones affect insulin sensitivity and metabolic functioning and how exercise may be used as a disease preventive modality for middle-aged women.

Obesity is associated with a decrease in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Aerobic exercise can increase insulin sensitivity in the few hours following exercise, however the cellular mechanisms are not completely understood. The current project is to investigate mechanisms of exercise improvements to skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.

In a recent series of studies performed by our group, we have shown that exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) leads to an increase in insulin sensitivity in male subjects with type-2 diabetes (T2DM) and in obese and overweight men without diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between pressure and oxygen in producing this effect, specifically, is this effect measurable in hyperbaric air or is some higher pressure of oxygen required? Aims: To determine whether the insulin sensitising effect of HBO is apparent in hyperbaric air at the same pressure as HBO. To examine mechanisms underpinning the increase in insulin sensitivity following HBO.

This is a family based genotype-phenotype study designed to assess genetic and environmental influences on obesity, insulin resistance and beta cell function in the context of gestational diabetes.

Background: Increases in obesity, diabetes, and some metabolic disorders may be linked to how much processed foods people eat. Researchers want to learn more about how processed foods affect metabolic health. Objective: To learn about how a processed versus unprocessed diet affects the body. Eligibility: Men ages 18-50 with stable weight and risk factors for diabetes Design: Participants will be screened over 3 visits. Screening includes: Medical history and physical exam Heart and blood tests Psychiatric questions Questions about eating, sleeping, and economic status Riding a stationary bike Trying a sample meal Between screenings, participants will eat prepared meals. They will wear an accelerometer to measure physical activity. They will write down what foods they eat and monitor their weight. Participants will have two 4-week stays in the clinic. They will: Eat a special diet Have activity and weight monitored Drink water and collect urine samples to measure how many calories they are burning Have resting energy expenditure measured with a clear hood over the head Have a scan to measure body fat and bone density using low-dose x-rays Have a scan on a table that slides into a metal cylinder in a strong magnetic field. They will get earplugs for the loud noises. Have an ultrasound test to measure blood vessels Have insulin and glucose infused into an arm vein. Blood will be taken over 10 hours through a plastic tube in the wrist. This will happen 4 times. Spend multiple 24-hour periods in a room that measures oxygen used and carbon dioxide produced. Give blood, urine and stool samples Answer questionnaires and do computer tasks

Given that glutamate carboxylation or decarboxylation is key to the metabolic role of osteocalcin (at least in mouse models) and that carboxylation is vitamin K dependent, it is critical to isolate the effect of vitamin K manipulation on carboxylation of osteocalcin and its subsequent effect on glucose metabolism in clinical trials. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in adults is to determine whether eight weeks of daily supplementation with vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) can improve markers in blood associated with diabetes risk.

This study is being done to better understand the relationship between inflammation and insulin resistance in your Adipose (fat) Tissue .