Active clinical trials for "Insulin Resistance"

The objectives of this study are to compare the effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on insulin stimulated glucose uptake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Whole body, and skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissue insulin stimulated glucose uptake is measured during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and positron-emission tomography scanning before and 26 weeks after treatment in 48 newly diagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes. Subjects will be randomized to receive either rosiglitazone or metformin or placebo, according to a simple randomization procedure with double blinding.

This study will evaluate the safety and tolerability profile of BFKB8488A following subcutaneous (SC) administration in overweight and obese participants (body mass index [BMI] greater than [>] 27 to less than or equal to [</=] 40 kilograms per square meter [kg/m^2]) with markers of insulin resistance. Single ascending fixed doses of BFKB8488A will be evaluated. Participants will be randomized into 7 sequential ascending fixed-dose cohorts of BFKB8488A SC or placebo and safety reviews will be performed before escalation to higher dose cohorts. Additionally, following the ascending fixed-dose SC cohorts, a separate cohort will open to evaluate the PK of BFKB8488A after intravenous (IV) administration.

India is the "Diabetes Capital of the World" with 41 million Indians having diabetes i.e. every fifth diabetic in the world is an Indian. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) constitutes the major chunk of diabetes and has insulin resistance as the hallmark feature in the pathogenesis. However, with the progression of the disease the insulin resistance becomes stable whereas β - cell function shows a gradual decline due to its ongoing apoptosis. This ultimately leads to inability of the β - cells to cope up with the increased demand of insulin caused due to insulin resistance and manifests as hyperglycemia. As β - cell failure is progressive and inexorable, as demonstrated in United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, most of the patients with T2DM would eventually require insulin and it would be difficult to achieve to attain a strict glycemic control . It is well known that diabetes related complications which account for morbidity and mortality in this disease can be prevented or delayed by strict glycemic control. However, even with intensive insulin therapy it has been shown that glycemic control can never be perfect with patients exhibiting hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia during 24 hour glucose profile. Also insulin therapy is not physiological as there is no hepatic "first - pass" metabolism of insulin which is required for halting the hepatic glucose output, which is responsible for fasting hyperglycemia. This led the researchers to evolve various strategies of β - cell replacement therapy e.g. pancreatic transplantation and islet cell transplantation. Initially the results of islet cell transplantation were dismal but after the induction of glucocorticoid free immunosuppressive therapy and the use of adequate number of islet cells from multiple donors, the results of islet cell transplantation have been better. However, islet cell transplantation has its own limitations viz insufficient supply, being technically demanding and requirement of lifelong immunosuppressive therapy in the recipient.

Blood sugar levels are controlled by insulin, a hormone made by cells in the pancreas. After a meal, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (blood sugar) which is absorbed from the intestine into the blood leading to a rise in glucose which triggers the secretion of insulin. Insulin binds to cells in the liver, muscle and fat, triggering them to take up glucose and bring the blood glucose level back to normal. A high blood sugar level is known as diabetes. The most common form of diabetes, type 2 diabetes, is caused by insulin resistance; that is, a reduced ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake into cells. The body compensates for insulin resistance by making more insulin; type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas can no longer make enough insulin to control blood glucose. The high blood glucose and insulin levels lead to long-term complications such as heart attacks, kidney failure, reduced sensation and poor circulation in the feet and legs. Reducing blood glucose levels with oral medications and insulin reduces risk of diabetic complications. There are several types of oral medications available for treating diabetes; however, they do not always control blood glucose adequately. In addition, these drugs have complications and are not used to treat insulin resistance and prediabetes - a condition when blood glucose is higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Prediabetes often progresses to diabetes over a period of months or years. Effective and safe treatments for prediabetes could prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. Axulin is a natural health product consisting of a mixture of extracts - derived from herbs and vegetables present in normal diets - which has been shown in cell culture and in animal studies to increase the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake into cells. The active ingredient in Axulin is a botanical extract designated HP-211. Thus, HP-211 may reduce the blood glucose and insulin levels of subjects without diabetes after eating. HP-211 may also reduce glucose and insulin responses to a larger extent in insulin-resistant as compared to insulin-sensitive subjects. Subjects will take 0g, 2g, or 4g of capsules or tablets in the morning after an overnight fast; 40 minutes later they will consume 75g glucose dissolved in 300ml water. Blood glucose, insulin and fats will be measured before and for 2 hours after the glucose drink.

Investigation of possible changes in insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers taking the following HIV treatment combinations: F/TAF (group 1) as compared to E/C/F/TAF (group 2) as compared to R/F/TAF (group 3). The measurement of insulin sensitivity will be performed in 30 HIV-negative healthy non-obese (BMI 18-25) male volunteers before and after 14±2 days of treatment. The volunteers will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups. Changes in insulin sensitivity will be measured by golden standard hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEGC) technique, using glucose and insulin infusion as diagnostic agents

Insulin resistant volunteers will choose to undergo an 8-week cold treatment, 2 hours per day, to selective regions of the body enriched with brown fat including neck, supraclavicular and interscapular regions) in combination with electroacupuncture (EA). Their insulin sensitivity and glucose and lipid homeostasis will be measured. The brown fat activation will be assessed by positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT)-scans and/or serum marker measurements.

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) result from a chemical reaction between the carbonyl group of reducing sugar and the nucleophilic NH2 of a free amino acid or a protein; lysine and arginine being the main reactive amino acids on proteins. Following this first step, a molecular rearrangement occurs, rearrangement of Amadori resulting to the formation of Maillard products.

The hypoglycemic effect of Momordica Charantia has been evaluated in clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Important reductions in fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), and fructosamine were observed. It is unknown whether this improvement is due to an improvement in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the administration of Momordica Charantia on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The study investigates whether additional metformin medication in combination with regular insulin treatment will decrease the need of insulin for women with diabetes mellitus type 1 during pregnancy.

In this study, the investigators recruited at-risk individuals (n=26) who were overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (> 30.0 kg/m2) and likely to exhibit one or more conditions associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). In this 12-week placebo-controlled 2 x 2 crossover dietary intervention, the investigators randomized participants to consume 240 mL (8 ounces) daily of either placebo (artificial cherry-flavored, anthocyanin-free beverage) or TCJ for 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period, then consumption of the alternate beverage for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the investigators determined the effect of TCJ in at-risk participants on markers of uricemia, lipidemia, glycemia, and inflammation.