Active clinical trials for "Insulin Resistance"

The effect of Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) or inactivity on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism is unclear. Research recently published shows that activities associated with everyday activities, summarized as NEAT, such as walking and standing, have a much greater role in energy expenditure than exercise. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of 4 days of inactivity (mainly sitting), 4 days of everyday activities (sitting, walking and standing), and 4 days of inactivity and exercise (sitting and biking) on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity using an oral glucose tolerance test, and on lipid metabolism in sedentary, overweight people. The investigators hypothesize that: 4 days of everyday activities (NEAT) will cause an increased glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity compared to 4 days of inactivity in sedentary, overweight people. 4 days of exercise will improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity more than 4 days of NEAT with equal energy expenditure, in sedentary, overweight people. Fasting triglyceride will have the same course as glucose, mentioned in 1. and 2.

Interactions between genes and environment, i.e. our inherited responses to environmental changes, may be crucial in the development of the common diseases. The investigators were the first to identify PPARG gene as risk gene for type 2 diabetes. The role of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in diabetes risk has also been verified in meta-analysis. However, this effect on seems to depend on intervention and age. In this study the effects of diets high with saturated fatty acids (SAFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are compared in subjects carrying either Pro12Pro or Ala12Ala genotype of the PPARG gene. Aim of the study: To test if subjects with Pro12Pro and Ala12Ala genotypes respond differentially to a diet supplemented with high saturated (SAFA) or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA). Hypotheses: Specific: Subjects with the Ala12Ala genotype will be more sensitive to dietary modification, and therefore respond more favorably to PUFA diet More general: Dietary instructions individually tailored according to the genotype would allow better treatment of obesity and diabetes

The purpose of this study is to measure the beneficial effects of an optimized berries extracts on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases prevention. Our hypothesis is that including a polyphenol rich berries extract in daily feeding will improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, pancreatic β-cells function, lipids and inflammatory profile, and oxidative stress markers.

Rationale: It is well established that increased intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) is associated with incidence of cardiovascular heart disease (CHD). This effect is mediated by dietary saturated fat's impact on fasting plasma cholesterol levels. Research is needed to clarify the association between dietary fatty acids and metabolic risk markers beyond lipid profile. World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended reduced intake of SFA with energy replacement from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or carbohydrates (CARB). However, limited evidence is available on the effects of dietary fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and secretion. The current study is designed to investigate the effects of SFA versus MUFA versus CARB on insulinemic response and lipid metabolism in healthy individuals with central obesity. Study design: A randomized, crossover, single blind design study was carried out. The subjects consumed controlled diets for 6 weeks each. They were provided 3 meals per day during weekdays in which SFA, MUFA and CARB diet was assigned to them randomly. Protein content was standardised at 14% energy. The SFA and MUFA diets each provided 31.5% energy intake from fat, with 69% of the total fats replaced by test fats (approximately 49 g/d based on a 2000 kcal basic diet). Each individual fatty acid provided approximately 7% of the total energy intake. The CARB diet provided approximately 34 g/day experimental fat based on a 2000 kcal basic diet. The CARB diet replaced 7 % energy of carbohydrate from total fat with the exchange from oleic acid (C18:1). Hypothesis: Changing energy from dietary fat (SFA and MUFA) to carbohydrate will influence insulin sensitivity, endothelial and vascular function, pro-inflammatory markers and lipid metabolism differently in individuals with metabolic syndrome. SFA (palm olein) may be comparable with MUFA (high oleic sunflower oil) with regards to its effects on insulin sensitivity, endothelial and vascular function and inflammation

The primary objective of this pilot study will be to examine the effects of consuming whole grains, differing in the degree of processing, on insulin sensitivity and other cardiometabolic risk factors. The overall aim will be to assess feasibility of the test diets and to generate preliminary data.

The goal of the proposed research is to identify effective patient-centered strategies to prevent diabetes in high-risk populations in real world settings. The investigators will accomplish this by conducting a randomized controlled trial comparing an enhanced Diabetes Prevention Program addressing psychosocial stressors to a standard version in a high-risk population of urban American Indian and Alaska Native people within a primary care setting.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a bakery product enriched with dietary fibre and L-carnitine on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with or without metabolic syndrome.

The primary objective of this study is to determine the influence of insulin resistance on drug metabolism and response in obese subjects. The investigators hypothesize that expression of adiponectin (a hormone secreted by fat tissue), and specific variants in the adiponectin gene can predict the insulin resistance and drug response among obese subjects.

Food products derived from cereal grains constitute a major part of the daily diet of many Americans . For example, a typical Chinese American eats rice about 9.5 times a week on an average. However, most of these foods are derived from refined grain. During the refining process grains are stripped of their bran and germ which results in depletion of several biologically active constituents including fiber, anti-oxidants, phytoestrogens and minerals. From observational studies there is evidence for a protective effect of whole-grain foods with regard to the development of type 2 diabetes. More recently, higher intake of whole grains was also associated with decreases in insulin resistance - a risk factor related to the development of type 2 diabetes. In this randomized study the investigators plan to replicate this beneficial effect of improving insulin sensitivity in patients with pre-diabetes and go a step further by exploring the potential mechanisms by which this benefit may occur. The investigators will assess the effect of consuming a whole-grain-rich diet on levels of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), RAGE (receptor for AGE) and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress - all of which have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The investigators will also look for correlations between the levels of these markers with insulin sensitivity to identify potential mechanisms of pathogenesis.

Physical activity is a powerful lifestyle factor that on average reduces risk for development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, investigators have demonstrated that following supervised endurance exercise training, 20% of subjects show no change in fitness and 30% demonstrate no improvement in insulin sensitivity. Our concept is that by using molecular profiling of blood/muscle samples investigators will develop personalised lifestyle intervention tools. Further, revealing the biological basis for a variable metabolic or cardiovascular response to exercise will enable us to propose new targets and biomarkers for drug discovery efforts directly in humans. Using our established OMICS approaches (RNA, DNA and Metabo-) investigators will generate classifiers that predict the responses to exercise-therapy (fitness and insulin sensitivity). Classifier generation is a statistical strategy for diagnosis or prognosis. Critically, investigators have a large human tissue biobank, including subjects with insulin-resistance; young to elderly males and females, as well as twins. Our SME partner has significant intellectual property and capacity in the field of bio-prediction, with a proven track-record of collaboration with the team and product development. Investigators will add to the diversity of our biobank by carrying-out an exercise intervention study using a novel time-efficient strategy that investigators have recently proven to be effective in reducing insulin resistance in sedentary young people and in middle aged obese subjects. A time-efficient protocol is a critical as lack-of-time is a key reason for not maintaining physical activity levels. Finally, investigators have a novel out-bred rodent model that replicates high and low exercise training responses and investigators will establish its suitability for future drug screening purposes. Because of these substantial pre-existing resources investigators believe that our project has a very high probability of delivering on its goals of improving the healthcare of European citizens.