Active clinical trials for "Measles"

The study was conducted to determine if ProQuad may be used in place of the second dose of M-M-R II routinely given to children 4 to 6 years old who were previously immunized with M-M-R II and Varivax.

A Study comparing three different doses of ProQuad to concomitant administration of M-M-R II and PUVV (Process Upgrade Varicella Vaccine) vaccines.

The goal of this study is to determine whether a computer-based intervention that delivers individually-tailored educational messages about the MMR vaccine increases MMR vaccine-hesitant parents' intentions to have their children vaccinated.

Measles, can be prevented and eliminated by vaccination, is a highly contagious viral disease that can lead to serious complications, disability, and death. As a result of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) strategic plans, the annual global incidence of measles decreased by 75% over the period 2000-2015, and the estimated global mortality rate fell by 73%. For the current 2019 period, the European and the Eastern Mediterranean Region has recorded respectively more than two-fold and 1.5-fold increase in reported measles cases. As it is known, no specific antiviral treatment exists for the measles virus therefore, vaccination is still the most effective method of preventing disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the measles cases in districts where the refugees live quite intensely.

This study will be an epidemiological inquiry, in communicating confirmed measles cases. The contacts of the index cases will be asked about the measles diagnosis and previous measles vaccination, and will have their vaccination cards checked. They will also be asked about blocking vaccination (opportune or not opportune) and about the development or not of symptoms. Thus, the investigators will have a group of people exposed to infection with a history of vaccination for measles prior to the outbreak versus a group of people exposed without previous vaccination. The frequency of measles cases will be compared in those two groups, allowing to analyze the effectiveness of the vaccine for individual protection. The effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing the spread of the disease will be analyzed, comparing the relative risk of the vaccine history of contact, in the subgroups of index cases with and without previous measles vaccination. The proposed study will involve the collection and analysis of contact data from measles cases oriented to compare vaccinated and unvaccinated, differing from health surveillance actions. This is based on an exhaustive search for contacts of measles cases, preferably aimed at detecting susceptible individuals, with the purpose of implementing blocking vaccination and interrupting the transmission chain. The proposed study seeks a representation of contacts, without the intention of being exhaustive in the search and detection, but prioritizing selection without bias for one of the exposure groups (vaccination). The results may provide technical and scientific support for future decisions by the Ministry of Health regarding the primary immunization schedule, the priority of the age group in vaccination campaigns, the identification of susceptible individuals, and the assessment of the need for a 3rd dose of the vaccine, for measles.

Overall objective: To conduct a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to examine whether an early two-dose measles vaccination (MV) strategy at 4 and 9 months will reduce child mortality compared with the WHO strategy of one dose of MV at 9 months. Specific hypotheses Hypothesis I) Two doses of MV at 4 and 9 months compared with the standard dose of MV at 9 months will reduce mortality by 30% between 4 months and 5 years of age1. As in a previous trial it is expected that the beneficial effect is strongest for girls. Hypothesis II) Children receiving MV at 4 months in the presence of maternal measles antibodies (MatAb) will have 35% lower mortality between 4 months and 5 years of age than children receiving MV at 4 months with no detectable MatAb. Implications: These hypotheses are based on a previous RCT showing strong beneficial effects of providing an early measles vaccine, in particular among children with MatAb.

Background: It is well established that the presence of bacteria in the intestine has a profound influence on health. Probiotics, ("beneficial bacteria") have shown ameliorating effects on various infectious diseases. The influence of probiotics on several immune-mediated conditions has also been investigated, among them, atopic dermatitis ("Asthma of the skin"), and milk allergy. The precise mechanism of action of probiotics is not fully understood. Several animal and human studies have shown the probiotic bacteria to influence the immune system. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether supplementing the diet with oral probiotics affects the immune response of children following routine vaccination against 4 common childhood viral diseases: Mumps, Measles, Rubella and Varicella. Objective(s) and Hypothesis(es): Hypothesis: Administration of probiotics will increase the amount of antibodies produced following vaccination for Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella, by over 15%. Objectives: To determine whether administration of probiotics during infancy influences antibody levels following the routine childhood vaccinations. To determine whether administration of probiotics during infancy influences the rate of adverse effects following the routine childhood vaccinations. Potential Impact: Vaccines, alongside with the discovery of Penicillin, have been cited as the great public health successes of the 20th century. However, even in countries with maximal childhood immunization coverage, the protective effect is not optimal. For example, only 70% to 90% of children immunized against chickenpox are actually protected against the disease. If we succeed in raising these numbers, even by a single percent, it will have a huge impact on society.

Measles is a preventable infectious viral disease. Since 1985, India has been administering a single dose of measles vaccine to all infants at 9 months of age. This age was chosen to balance the disappearance of maternal (transplacental) antibodies with the increasing risk of developing measles. Thus infants are expected to get protection against measles by acquired maternal measles antibodies derived trans-placentally from the mother for the first 9 months of life. Thereafter vaccine-induced antibodies are expected to protect infants. Seroconversion after measles vaccination does not take place as long as maternal measles antibodies persist in the infant. However, it is widely recognized that a substantial proportion of measles infection (10 to 15%) can occur among infants before the age of measles vaccination. Further, two small cohort studies done in our institution confirm that the majority of infants lose maternal antibodies by six months of age, making them susceptible to measles.This argues strongly for anticipating measles vaccination to an earlier age. However, such early vaccination has the risk that residual maternal antibodies (even if insufficient to protect infants) can neutralize the antigen in the vaccine, rendering vaccination ineffective. Therefore, a careful balance has to be chosen so that low levels of circulating maternal antibodies do not interfere with infants' response to vaccination. However, there is no prospective study in Indian infants to determine the seroconversion and sero-protection rate of earlier vaccination. This study has following aims and objectives: To study the level of measles specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in a cohort of term infants followed from birth to 9 months of age; and the pattern of antibody decline in them. To compare the levels of antibodies in infants at these time points and correlate the levels with the antibody level in the respective mothers at the time of delivery. To compare the efficacy and safety of three different measles vaccination schedules in a cohort of term infants viz (i) vaccination at 9 months of age (current practice), (ii) vaccination at 7.5 months and 9 months of age, and (iii) vaccination at 6 months and 9 months of age.

Background: All observational studies and a few randomised controlled trials (RCT) suggest that early measles vaccine (MV), in particular an early two-dose strategy, has a much better effect on overall mortality than later MV. These results suggest that MV has a non-measles related beneficial effect on child survival. Objective: To evaluate in a multi-center RCT the effect on child survival and other health indicators of a two-dose measles vaccination schedule by providing an additional dose of Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) MV as soon as possible after 4 months of age as well as the standard measles vaccine at 9 months of age. Three trials are planned in Guinea-Bissau, Ghana and Burkina Faso. The investigators will test a 40-43% reduction of mortality at each site separately and a 32% reduction overall. Based on the results from the RCT, the investigators will assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Design, Burkina Faso: Newborns are followed through the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) of the Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna. Information on routine and campaign vaccinations will be collected regularly through home visits and health centre registers. Four weeks after having received the third dose of pentavalent vaccine (Penta3), the children will be eligible for enrollment in the trial if they are not severely ill. Eligible children will be invited to take part in the trial. Provided parental informed consent is given, the children will be randomised to MV at 4 and 9 months of age or only at 9 months. Cost estimates will be based on consumption of services and average cost per unit. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio will be calculated. Sample size, follow-up and analyses: To detect a 43% reduction in overall mortality at each site the investigators intend to enroll at least 4050 children in Burkina Faso. The children will be followed for survival and hospitalisations to 3 years of age or to the end of the study after three years. The investigators will analyse the effects by site and combined; by sex and season; possible interactions with other interventions like campaigns with drugs, vaccines or micronutrients will be explored. Antibody study: 450 children will be enrolled in a subgroup study to examine the effect of maternal antibody levels on subsequent antibody responses to MV. The children will be followed to 24 months of age and samples collected at 4, 9 and 24 months of age.

This is an immunogenicity study evaluating the development of the immune response of healthy infants following primary vaccination with Attenuvax at 6 or 9 months of age compared with responses in 12 month-old infants receiving MMR-II. Responses of infants receiving an early two dose measles vaccine regimen with the first dose given at 6 or 9 months followed by a second dose administered at 12 months will also be compared to infants given a single dose at 12 months of age (Table 2). The current approved regimen for measles vaccination is a first vaccination at 12-15 months and a subsequent vaccination at school entry. A secondary endpoint of this study will be to assess the safety of measles vaccine administered as Attenuvax at 6 or 9 months of age and in an early two dose measles vaccine regimen with Attenuvax administered at 6 or 9 months followed by MMR-II at 12 months of age.