Active clinical trials for "Thyroid Neoplasms"

Background: Resistance to cancer chemotherapy develops in patients, rendering certain treatments ineffective. Despite much research, the prevailing cause of drug resistance is not known. One mechanism for drug resistance involves a protein called P-glycoprotein, or Pgp, which reduces the effectiveness of cancer treatments by "pumping" anti-cancer drugs out of tumor cells where they are supposed to work against the disease. Objectives: To identify and evaluate more thoroughly the roles of Pgp and other substances in mediating drug resistance. Eligibility: Patients enrolled in clinical trials of cancer therapies at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh; Cancer Centers of Carolinas; Arizona Clinical Research Center; University of Copenhagen; and Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen who have consented to the use of blood, tissue, or tumor samples for laboratory studies. Design: Blood, tumor, and tissue samples are collected from participants and sent to the NCI for various laboratory analyses. ...

The purpose of this study is to evaluate Vitamin D levels in thyroid cancer patients with active disease compared with thyroid cancer patients in remission and patients with thyroid nodules.

Iodine-131(131I) and other radioisotopes of Iodine are contained in fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and are among the radionuclides most likely to be released in a nuclear reactor accident. In spite of nearly 50 years of experience, the risk of thyroid disease, especially thyroid cancer, attributable to exposure to 131I remains unknown, although the carcinogenic potential of x-ray and gamma-ray exposure of the thyroid is reasonably well known. The available data also indicate that children face greater risks of radiation-induced thyroid cancer than do adults. The nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl released large quantities of 131I and other radioisotopes of iodine into the atmosphere, contaminating thousands of square kilometers and exposing millions of people. It is proposed that a well-defined subset of Belarussian children aged 0-18 years at the time of the accident be examined by well-trained specialists for thyroid disease at least biennially for up to 30 years. A cohort of 15,000 children has been identified, all of whom had their thyroids measured for radioactivity during the weeks immediately following the accident. Under a rigid research protocol these children will receive complete diagnostic thyroid examinations, including palpation, ultrasound scanning, thyroid hormone and other laboratory tests, and fine-needle aspiration, as appropriate. Cancer will be determined by expert pathology examination of tissue. In addition to the analysis of thyroid radiation measurements made in May-June, 1986, efforts will be made to reconstruct each person's exposure and to estimate the radiation doses to the thyroid. This will involve the reconstruction of deposition patterns and environmental pathways of the radioiodines, and of the location, dietary characteristics, and lifestyle of each person throughout the exposure period. The data will be analyzed to evaluate the relationship, if any, between thyroid disease, especially cancer, and the radiation dose to the thyroid, with emphasis on the dose from 131I. The primary focus will be on dose-response analyses of person-year incidence data with stratification by sex, age at exposure, geographic area, time, and age at risk. Confounding factors, e.g., use of potassium iodide (KI) as a prophylactic measure, will be evaluated and controlled in the analysis, and the uncertainty of the dose estimates will be taken into account. In addition to producing risk coefficients for thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in children as a function of sex and age at the time of exposure, it is expected that the analyses will contribute new knowledge of the carcinogenic effectiveness of 131I in comparison with that of x-ray and gamma radiation. This information will fill a major gap in the world's knowledge of radiation effects, and will provide guidance for radiation protection and public health policies wherever nuclear reactors are in operation.

Background: - Thyroid hormone is produced by the thyroid gland, an organ at the base of the neck. Thyroid hormone controls the body's metabolism and the function of many organs. The thyroid gland produces two forms of thyroid hormone: T4 and T3. People who have thyroid cancer are treated with thyroid hormone therapy (synthetic T4, levothyroxine), which at times needs to be stopped to allow for cancer treatments. At these times, a different form of thyroid hormone (synthetic T3, liothyronine) is used to reduce the symptoms caused by low levels of thyroid hormone. Researchers want to know more about how changes in T3 hormone affect the body and organ function. Objectives: - To study how changes in T3 hormone levels affect the body and organ function. Eligibility: - Individuals at least 18 years of age who have had most or all of their thyroid removed to treat thyroid cancer who need to stop taking their regular thyroid hormone dose in preparation for the treatment of thyroid cancer. Design: The study involves a screening visit and a baseline evaluation. It also includes an 11-day inpatient hospital stay. Participants will be screened with a physical exam and medical history. They will also have blood tests and a neck ultrasound. Participants will be evaluated with a physical exam, blood tests, and the following procedures: Glucose tolerance test to measure blood sugar Tests of body fat, muscle strength, and calorie burning levels Imaging studies of the heart, liver, and thigh muscles Quality of life questionnaires Food preference and diet questionnaires After 4 weeks of treatment with T3 hormone, participants will have an 11-day inpatient hospital stay to study the effect of thyroid hormone on their metabolism. The stay will involve the same tests done in the baseline evaluation.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common neoplasia in the thyroid gland. The combination of surgery, followed by radioiodine therapy (RIT) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppressive therapy is usually a curative option for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Although DTC has a good prognosis generally, it is problematic when dedifferentiation is suspected and radioiodine refractoriness presumed. One possible therapy option for redifferentiation is the pretreatment with retinoids. From 2008 to 2014 there were 13 patients with PTC who were treated with retinoids after thyroidectomy before a further course of radioiodine. A recent study has shown that the efficacy of Selumetinib, another option for redifferentiation depends on the mutational status of the treated patient. In this retrospective study the investigators looked for a similar association between BRAF V600E and redifferentiation therapy with retinoids. As retinoids have fewer side effects compared to TKI, it is worth performing studies to assess the importance of genetic marker for the response and to estimate the chances of this specific patient collective. BRAF V600E seems to be associated with better long-term response after redifferentiation therapy with 13-cis RA in RAI-R PTC. Therefore, evaluation of BRAF mutational status prior to redifferentiation therapy could be beneficial for predicting response.

This trial is a prospective, non-interventional, monocentric study aiming to collect standard of care imaging of patients treated with Iodine-131 for the determination of dosimetric studies. Data from this study will be collected as part of an European research project called MEDIRAD. The overall objectives of this project are to enhance the scientific bases and clinical practice of radiation protection in the medical field, and more specifically to develop and implement the tools necessary to establish the range of absorbed doses delivered to healthy organs in patients undergoing thyroid ablation and the threshold absorbed dose required for thyroid ablation. This will enable patient specific treatment planning that will minimize risk to the patient while ensuring a successful outcome and will facilitate development of a large scale epidemiological study of the effect of low absorbed doses from irradiation of normal organs with internal sources of radionuclides. Patients will be followed as part of their standard of care. Imaging (SPECT/CT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography-Computerized Tomography) and Whole Body scintigraphy) performed at 48 hours post Iodine-131 treatment will be collected. Measures of external gamma radiation will also be collected in the European database.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a tumor originating from parafollicular C cells of the thyroid. (1) Representing 1 to 7% of all thyroid carcinoma cases (2, 3, 4). It can occur in two clinical forms, the sporadic or non-hereditary, in 75-80% of patients, and the hereditary form in the remaining 20-25%. It can be part of different clinical syndromes depending on the organs involved: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2B (MEN2B) and Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FCM) whose clinical expression is only CMT. A distinctive characteristic of this tumor is its capacity to secrete calcitonin (CT), which, measured in serum, sanctions suspicion of this pathology (5-8) leading to diagnostic studies to confirm CMT. For the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a useful and safe procedure; however, its sensitivity to exclude CMT is low (9-15). In 2015, a meta-analysis of 15 studies (16) found that the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing CMT was around 50%. For this reason, other studies have indicated that the measurement of calcitonin in the fine-needle lavage aspirate fluid of thyroid nodules (CT-guided FNAC), which have suspected medullary carcinoma, can significantly improve the accuracy in the diagnosis of MTC (17 -19). Therefore, clinical practice guidelines recommend its determination in patients with suspected MTC (1,2). The diagnostic importance of pre-surgical medullary carcinoma lies mainly in two points: first, it changes the surgical approach of the patients, and second, it allows one to rule out associated pathologies such as hyperparathyroidism and pheochromocytoma, which are associated when the entity is hereditary. The performance of CT-guided FNAC by the chemiluminescent (CL) method has been widely disseminated. However, to the best of our knowledge, to date there are no data available on the appropriate cut-off value of CT-guided FNAC with calcitonin electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunometric assay method. As previously stated, it is of particular interest to determine the calcitonin cut-off point in needle washing by electrochemiluminescence method that allows diagnosing medullary carcinoma. Clarifying this point allows improving the approach to patients in whom medullary carcinoma is suspected. This work seeks to determine the cut-off point of CT-guided FNAC for the diagnosis of CMT with the ECL assay method.

The purpose of the study was to assess the use of Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs) in the treatment of patients with a progressive differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) refractory to radioactive iodine (RAI) who do not have any symptoms.

The purpose of this study is to determine which Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) tools patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) find most helpful. The study will compare a generic cancer QoL tool with those developed for thyroid cancer patients and neuroendocrine tumour (NET) patients. The study will also evaluate clinicians' opinions on the clinical usefulness of the QoL tools.

This study is a post-marketing surveillance of lenvatinib in participants with unresectable thyroid cancer. The objectives of this study are to capture unknown adverse reactions, incidences of adverse drug reaction, efficacy, factors considered to have effect to safety and effectiveness, and incidences of hypertension, hemorrhagic events and thromboembolic event, and liver disorder.