Active clinical trials for "Virus Diseases"

In order to persist in the liver, HCV has numerous nonspecific and specific strategies to overcome the immunity of the host. The crucial step in the establishment of viral persistence and chronic hepatitis is the avoidance of specific antiviral cellular immune response in the liver. Treatment with pegylated interferon alpha (IFNα) in combination with ribavirin (RBV) is the standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C is. The response to IFNα / RBV therapy depends on the effective cellular antiviral immune response in the liver. The understanding of the interaction between HCV and cellular immune response is important for the effective use of existing diagnostic techniques, the Individual control and adjustment of the current therapeutic approaches and the development of future therapeutic and immunization strategies. In this study, the investigators want to investigate cellular Immune responses in the liver of HCV infected patients and characterize the influence of these immune responses to the response to IFNα / RBV therapy.

This proposed pharmacokinetic study will test the hypothesis that in critically ill patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation such as might be anticipated to be needed to treat patients with severe influenza pneumonia, oseltamivir administered enterally via nasogastric tube, with and without concomitant food or alimentation, will have similar oral bioavailability to that observed in ambulatory adults ill with influenza in whom oseltamivir therapy 75 mg BID is efficacious and well tolerated. Additionally, this experiment will test the hypothesis that increasing the dose (150 mg), with and without concomitant enteral feeding, will show a proportionate increase in bioavailability. Relative oral bioavailability will be assessed from plasma concentration vs. time over 12 hrs and urinary recovery of drug from 0 to 48 hrs after administration.

The investigator's aim in this study is to evaluate the impact of a new standard of care protocol for the treatment of BK viremia and nephropathy (BKVAN), which includes switching from Tacrolimus to equivalent dose of Cyclosporine in patients who have been diagnosed with BK viremia or BKVAN based on their viral load, overall graft function (estimated glomerular filtration rate), acute rejection, and rate of graft loss due to rejection or BKVAN.

To provide a therapeutic option for patients not able to take the oral formulation of TPOXX (e.g., cannot swallow, vomiting) and who have confirmed or suspected (based on clinical signs and symptoms with known exposure while laboratory confirmation may be pending) orthopox virus infections OR who have a significant vaccinia adverse reaction (as defined in the protocol) resulting from vaccinia vaccination, secondary transmission, or other exposure; To collect data on the safety of TPOXX IV (tecovirimat injection, 10 mg/mL).

Hepatitis E virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with genome of approximately 7.2kb in length. The HEV genome is capped at the 5' end followed by a small untranslated region of 27 nucleotides and polyadenalated at the 3' end preceded by another UTR of 65 nucleotides . HEV has three open reading frames: ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3 that encode structural and non- structural proteins. ORF1 is the largest one, approximately 5,000 nt in length, located at the 5 ' end and encodes important proteins for the replication process (methyltransferase, papain-like cysteine protease, helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). A noncoding, hypervariable region within ORF1 displays substantial genetic diversity; this region seems to modulate the efficiency of HEV replication. Notably, the differences in the genome size among different HEV strains are confined mainly to this region .ORF2 is located at the 3' end, encodes structural capsid proteins of 660 amino acids and contains three potential glycosylation sites. The ORF2 protein contains multiple immunogenic sites and neutralizing antibodies are directed against it al., .The essential region in the protein for immunogenicity is 452aa-617aa and the neutralizing epitopes have recently been shown to be conformational .ORF3 is located between the other two reading frames and encodes a small phosphoprotein of 123 amino acids. Its exact function has not been yet determined, however, multiple functions have been proposed. It is thought to interact with cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase and other extracellular kinases, promoting cell survival through activation of intracellular signaling pathways .Moreover, the binding of the ORF3 encoded protein to host-specific proteins seems to influence the pathogenesis of HEV infections .A schematic drawing of the HEV genome is described in Figure 1 .

A retrospective cohort of solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients will be assembled to determine the incidence of respiratory viral infections diagnosed during an inpatient admission in the first year post-transplant. A sub-cohort of patients that develop a respiratory viral infection within one year of transplantation will be leveraged to investigate factors associated with mortality in the three months after respiratory viral infection.

Globally, about 248 million people are chronic HBV surface antigen carriers, and about 5% of them also had hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection as well. The prevalence of HBsAg in Egypt is intermediate (2-7%) . Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an incomplete RNA virus that needs hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to help its replication. HDV is considered a subviral particle because it depends on HBV for its propagation. Combined HDV- HBV infection produces more severe liver affection than HBV alone. HDV infection leads to both of acute and chronic liver illnesses. Acute HDV infection can occur at the same time with acute HBV infection (coinfection) or can be superimposed on the top of chronic HBV infection. About 20% to 30% of coinfections of HDV and HBV in humans develop fatal fulminant hepatitis versus 2% of patients with acute hepatitis B mono-infection. Worldwide, Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection present in more than 15 million people and it is endemic in the Middle East . In Upper Egypt, data about the prevalence, clinical, laboratory and virological characters of Hepatitis D virus-infected patients is rare. This study aims were: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection among HBsAg positive individuals. To determine the clinical, laboratory and virological characters of HDV infected patients.

This cross-sectional study will screen out hepatitis D virus-infected patients in HBsAg-positive people. Observe and describe the prevalence of hepatitis D infection among HBsAg positive people. The provinces of China are divided into 5 geographical areas (North, South, East, West and Central) to recruit patients according to the population density of each area. After statistical calculation, the total number of population needed is 3808.

This study highlighted the possibility, even in epidemic settings, of providing advanced supportive care for patients with VMEs. Indeed, while the prospect of offering any invasive medical care was widely discussed in 2014 in West Africa with the aim of limiting the exposure of caregivers, the epidemic of 2018-2019 has on the contrary seen the development of a number of medical care strategies, in parallel with the deployment of specific treatments. This study aims to describe a cohort of patients receiving this upgraded supportive care during the tenth epidemic in the DRC.

The medical charts of all COVID-19 cases (n=1200) from 17 long-term care facilities in Montreal, Canada will be reviewed, to compare patients who survived to patients who did not survive. Through multilevel logistic regression, the risk of death will be estimated for institutional predictors of mortality, while controlling for individual risk factors. Individual covariates include clinical features (age, sex, Charlston comorbidity index, SMAF autonomy score, severity criteria) and medical treatments (IV fluids, anticoagulation, oxygen, regular opiates, corticosteroids). Aggregate covariates include epidemiological data (attack rates, timing of outbreak) and institutional characteristics (number of beds, air exchange per hour, presence of a dedicated COVID-19 unit at the time of outbreak, staff compliance to infection control measures, staff infection rates, understaffing, proportion of semi-private rooms, proportion of wandering wards and other special units).