Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) (MTA)

This trial is a continuation of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA Study). Continuation Aim 1 is to track the persistence of intervention-related effects as the MTA sample matures into mid-adolescence, including subsequent mental-health and school-related service utilization patterns as a function of MTA treatment experience (treatment assignment) and outcome (degree of treatment success at 14 mo.). Aim 2 is to test specific hypotheses about predictors, mediators, and moderators of long-term outcome among children with ADHD (e.g., comorbidity; family functioning; cognitive skills; peer relations) that may influence adolescent functioning (either independent of or through initial treatment assignment and/or 14-month treatment outcomes); and to compare how these predictors, mediators, and moderators are similar or dissimilar within the normal comparison group. Aim 3 is to track the patterns of risk and protective factors (including their mediation or moderation by initial treatment assignment and/or outcome) involved in early and subsequent stages of developing substance-related disorders and antisocial behavior. Aim 4 is to examine the effect of initial treatment assignment and degree of treatment success on later academic performance, achievement, school conduct, tendency to drop out, and other adverse school outcomes. In the original MTA design, patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: (1) medication only; (2) psychosocial only; (3) combined (medication and psychosocial); or (4) Assessment-and-Referral condition. All but the latter were treated intensively for 14 months, with assessments for all subjects at baseline, 3, 9, 14, and 24 months. The original MTA design thus provides short-term (10 months post-treatment) follow-up at 24 months. This continuation extends the follow-up to assessments at 36, 60, and 84 months after treatment. A child may be eligible for this study if he/she: Is 7 - 9 years old, and has Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

This trial is a continuation of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA Study). Continuation Aim 1 is to track the persistence of intervention-related effects as the MTA sample matures into mid-adolescence, including subsequent mental-health and school-related service utilization patterns as a function of MTA treatment experience (treatment assignment) and outcome (degree of treatment success at 14 mo.). Aim 2 is to test specific hypotheses about predictors, mediators, and moderators of long-term outcome among children with ADHD (e.g., comorbidity; family functioning; cognitive skills; peer relations) that may influence adolescent functioning (either independent of or through initial treatment assignment and/or 14-month treatment outcomes); and to compare how these predictors, mediators, and moderators are similar or dissimilar within the normal comparison group. Aim 3 is to track the patterns of risk and protective factors (including their mediation or moderation by initial treatment assignment and/or outcome) involved in early and subsequent stages of developing substance-related disorders and antisocial behavior. Aim 4 is to examine the effect of initial treatment assignment and degree of treatment success on later academic performance, achievement, school conduct, tendency to drop out, and other adverse school outcomes. In the original MTA design, patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: (1) medication only; (2) psychosocial only; (3) combined (medication and psychosocial); or (4) Assessment-and-Referral condition. All but the latter were treated intensively for 14 months, with assessments for all subjects at baseline, 3, 9, 14, and 24 months. The original MTA design thus provides short-term (10 months post-treatment) follow-up at 24 months. This continuation extends the follow-up to assessments at 36, 60, and 84 months after treatment.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Adolescence, Child, Cognition, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Human, Male, Peer Group, Risk Factors, Treatment Outcome, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity -- *therapy, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity -- drug therapy, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity -- psychology

Inclusion Criteria: - Patients must have: Rigorously diagnosed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

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Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Kraemer HC, Lenora N, Newcorn JH, Abikoff HB, March JS, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hoza B, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Wells KC, Wigal T, Vitiello B. ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;40(2):147-58. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200102000-00009.

Swanson JM, Kraemer HC, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE, Conners CK, Abikoff HB, Clevenger W, Davies M, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn JH, Owens EB, Pelham WE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Simpson S, Vitiello B, Wells K, Wigal T, Wu M. Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;40(2):168-79. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200102000-00011.

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Arnold LE, Chuang S, Davies M, Abikoff HB, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, Langworthy-Lam KS, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Wells KC, Wigal T. Nine months of multicomponent behavioral treatment for ADHD and effectiveness of MTA fading procedures. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004 Feb;32(1):39-51. doi: 10.1023/b:jacp.0000007579.61289.31.

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Arnold, L. E., Elliott, M., Lindsay, R. L., Molina, B., Cornelius, M. D., Vitiello, B., . . . Wells, K. (2005). Gestational and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure as predictor of ADHD, comorbid ODD/CD, and treatment response in the MTA. Clinical Neuroscience Research, 5(5-6), 295-306.

Hoza B, Gerdes AC, Mrug S, Hinshaw SP, Bukowski WM, Gold JA, Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Wells KC, Wigal T. Peer-assessed outcomes in the multimodal treatment study of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2005 Mar;34(1):74-86. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_7.

Jensen PS, Garcia JA, Glied S, Crowe M, Foster M, Schlander M, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Arnold LE, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Swanson J, Wells K. Cost-effectiveness of ADHD treatments: findings from the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1628-36. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1628.

Epstein JN, Conners CK, Hervey AS, Tonev ST, Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hoagwood K, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Wells K, Vitiello B, Wigal T; MTA Cooperative Study Group. Assessing medication effects in the MTA study using neuropsychological outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 May;47(5):446-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01469.x.

Wells KC, Chi TC, Hinshaw SP, Epstein JN, Pfiffner L, Nebel-Schwalm M, Owens EB, Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March J, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Severe JB, Swanson J, Vitiello B, Wigal T. Treatment-related changes in objectively measured parenting behaviors in the multimodal treatment study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Aug;74(4):649-57. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.649.

Hoza B, Kaiser NM, Hurt E. Multimodal treatments for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: interpreting outcomes in the context of study designs. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2007 Dec;10(4):318-34. doi: 10.1007/s10567-007-0025-5.

Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Abikoff HB, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Pelham WE, Wells KC, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Epstein JN, Hoza B, March JS, Molina BSG, Newcorn JH, Severe JB, Wigal T, Gibbons RD, Hur K. 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;46(8):989-1002. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3180686d48.

Molina BSG, Flory K, Hinshaw SP, Greiner AR, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Hechtman L, Jensen PS, Vitiello B, Hoza B, Pelham WE, Elliott GR, Wells KC, Abikoff HB, Gibbons RD, Marcus S, Conners CK, Epstein JN, Greenhill LL, March JS, Newcorn JH, Severe JB, Wigal T. Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months: prevalence, course, and treatment effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;46(8):1028-1040. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d96.

Stevens J, Kelleher K, Greenhouse J, Chen G, Xiang H, Kaizar E, Jensen PS, Arnold LE. Empirical evaluation of the generalizability of the sample from the multimodal treatment study for ADHD. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2007 May;34(3):221-32. doi: 10.1007/s10488-006-0097-4. Epub 2006 Oct 20.

Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Hechtman L, Epstein JN, Pelham WE, Abikoff HB, Newcorn JH, Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Wells KC, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Gibbons RD, Hur K, Stehli A, Davies M, March JS, Conners CK, Caron M, Volkow ND. Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;46(8):1015-1027. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e.

Swanson JM, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE, Gibbons RD, Marcus S, Hur K, Jensen PS, Vitiello B, Abikoff HB, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Pelham WE, Wells KC, Conners CK, March JS, Elliott GR, Epstein JN, Hoagwood K, Hoza B, Molina BSG, Newcorn JH, Severe JB, Wigal T. Secondary evaluations of MTA 36-month outcomes: propensity score and growth mixture model analyses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;46(8):1003-1014. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3180686d63.

Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, Hechtman L, Molina B, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Jensen P, Steinhoff K, Lerner M, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Wells K, Epstein J, Elliott G, Newcorn J, Hoza B, Wigal T; MTA Cooperative Group. Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of Children With ADHD (MTA): part I: executive summary. J Atten Disord. 2008 Jul;12(1):4-14. doi: 10.1177/1087054708319345.

Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, Hechtman L, Molina B, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Jensen P, Steinhoff K, Lerner M, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Wells K, Epstein J, Elliott G, Newcorn J, Hoza B, Wigal T; MTA Cooperative Group. Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of children with ADHD (MTA): Part II: supporting details. J Atten Disord. 2008 Jul;12(1):15-43. doi: 10.1177/1087054708319525.

Pappadopulos E, Jensen PS, Chait AR, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Chuang S, Wells KC, Pelham W, Cooper T, Elliott G, Newcorn JH. Medication adherence in the MTA: saliva methylphenidate samples versus parent report and mediating effect of concomitant behavioral treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 May;48(5):501-510. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23ed.

Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Jensen PS, Epstein JN, Hoza B, Hechtman L, Abikoff HB, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Newcorn JH, Wells KC, Wigal T, Gibbons RD, Hur K, Houck PR; MTA Cooperative Group. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 May;48(5):484-500. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23d0.

Langberg JM, Arnold LE, Flowers AM, Epstein JN, Altaye M, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Kotkin R, Simpson S, Molina BS, Jensen PS, Abikoff H, Pelham WE Jr, Vitiello B, Wells KC, Hechtman L. Parent-reported homework problems in the MTA study: evidence for sustained improvement with behavioral treatment. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39(2):220-33. doi: 10.1080/15374410903532700.

Murray-Close D, Hoza B, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE, Swanson J, Jensen PS, Hechtman L, Wells K. Developmental processes in peer problems of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD: developmental cascades and vicious cycles. Dev Psychopathol. 2010 Nov;22(4):785-802. doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000465. Erratum In: Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Feb;26(1):287.

Hoza B, McQuade JD, Murray-Close D, Shoulberg E, Molina BS, Arnold LE, Swanson J, Hechtman L. Does childhood positive self-perceptual bias mediate adolescent risky behavior in youth from the MTA study? J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013 Oct;81(5):846-58. doi: 10.1037/a0033536. Epub 2013 Jul 8.

Molina BS, Hinshaw SP, Eugene Arnold L, Swanson JM, Pelham WE, Hechtman L, Hoza B, Epstein JN, Wigal T, Abikoff HB, Greenhill LL, Jensen PS, Wells KC, Vitiello B, Gibbons RD, Howard A, Houck PR, Hur K, Lu B, Marcus S; MTA Cooperative Group. Adolescent substance use in the multimodal treatment study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (MTA) as a function of childhood ADHD, random assignment to childhood treatments, and subsequent medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;52(3):250-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.014. Epub 2013 Feb 8.

Sibley MH, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Hechtman LT, Kennedy TM, Owens E, Molina BSG, Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Roy A, Chronis-Tuscano A, Newcorn JH, Rohde LA; MTA Cooperative Group. Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;179(2):142-151. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21010032. Epub 2021 Aug 13.

Roy A, Garner AA, Epstein JN, Hoza B, Nichols JQ, Molina BSG, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Hechtman L. Effects of Childhood and Adult Persistent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Risk of Motor Vehicle Crashes: Results From the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Aug;59(8):952-963. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.007. Epub 2019 Aug 22.

Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, Hechtman L, Waxmonsky J, Arnold LE, Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Jensen PS, Abikoff HB, Wigal T, Stehli A, Howard A, Hermanussen M, Hanc T; MTA Cooperative Group. Trajectories of Growth Associated With Long-Term Stimulant Medication in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Aug;59(8):978-989. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.019. Epub 2019 Aug 15.

Babinski DE, Waschbusch DA, Waxmonsky JG. Sex and Pubertal Status Moderate the Association Between ADHD and Depression Symptoms: An Examination From Preadolescence Through Late Adolescence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019 May 21;80(3):18m12548. doi: 10.4088/JCP.18m12548.

Ricketts EJ, Sturm A, McMakin DL, McGuire JF, Tan PZ, Smalberg FB, McCracken JT, Colwell CS, Piacentini J. Changes in Sleep Problems Across Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment: Findings from the Multimodal Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018 Dec;28(10):690-698. doi: 10.1089/cap.2018.0038. Epub 2018 Nov 2.

Sibley MH, Rohde LA, Swanson JM, Hechtman LT, Molina BSG, Mitchell JT, Arnold LE, Caye A, Kennedy TM, Roy A, Stehli A; Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) Cooperative Group. Late-Onset ADHD Reconsidered With Comprehensive Repeated Assessments Between Ages 10 and 25. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 1;175(2):140-149. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030298. Epub 2017 Oct 20.

DuPaul GJ, Morgan PL, Farkas G, Hillemeier MM, Maczuga S. Eight-Year Latent Class Trajectories of Academic and Social Functioning in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2018 Jul;46(5):979-992. doi: 10.1007/s10802-017-0344-z.

Fernandez de la Cruz L, Simonoff E, McGough JJ, Halperin JM, Arnold LE, Stringaris A. Treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and irritability: results from the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;54(1):62-70.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.006. Epub 2014 Oct 18.