Effects of Beef Protein Consumption on Energy Intake

The purpose of this study is to determine ad libitum daily energy intake, body weight changes and appetite profile in response to protein/carbohydrate and fat ratio over 12 consecutive days, and in relation to age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene alleles.

The protein leverage hypothesis requires specific evidence whether energy intake would depend on a possible protein intake target in humans. Meat protein as complete protein may show most beneficial effects on variables regarding food intake regulation.

The three applied conditions will differ in the relative protein content of the meals, including 5 En%, 15 En% and 30 En% from protein. Beef protein will be used as main meat protein source in the 15 En% and 30 En% protein conditions. The resulting macronutrient compositions of the diets will be En% Protein/Carbohydrate/Fat; 5/60/35, 15/50/35, and 30/35/35. All meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) within each condition will have the same macronutrient composition. All food items, and the energy density, weight and volume of the meals will be the same between conditions. All snack items will be very low in protein content.

Body weight will be measured on day 1, 6 and 12. Subsequently, the change in body weight over time will be calculated.

Appetite profile will be measured by means of questionnaires: visual analogue scales (VAS). Area under the curve (AUC) will be calculated over 12 consecutive days.

Total energy intake over 12 days will be determined for each subject by adding energy intake during meals to energy intake from snack consumption.

Inclusion Criteria: Healthy Age 18-70 years BMI 18-35 kg/m2 Non-smoking Weight stable Exclusion Criteria: Smoking Use of medication More than moderate alcohol consumption Vegetarian

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