This Research Hypothesizes That the Use of a Rigid Rocker Sole Reduces the Recurrence Rate of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Patients With Peripheral Neuropathy.

The Wagner system assesses ulcer depth and the presence of osteomyelitis or gangrene using the following grades: grade 0 (pre- or post-ulcerative lesion), grade 1 (partial/full-thickness ulcer), grade 2 (probing to tendon or capsule), grade 3 (deep with osteitis), grade 4 (partial foot gangrene) and grade 5 (whole foot gangrene

The ankle joint is examined in the neutral position, with the patient prone; a vertical line is marked on the patient's skin from heel to midcalf, and the maxi- mum range of dorsiflexion in passive motion is mea- sured in degrees with a goniometer. The normal value for the ankle joint is a mobility >90° of dorsi- flexion.

Is examined with the patient in the supine position, and a horizontal line is drawn from the big toe to the heel. The maximum range of pas- sive dorsiflexion is recorded. The normal range of joint mobility is >65° at rest and 30° when the patient is standing.

(inversion and eversion) are examined with the patient in a prone position, holding the calcaneus with one hand and the neck of the astragalus with the thumb and index finger of the other hand. Holding the astragalus rather than the tibia isolated the s

The purpose of the International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) is to provide a set of well-developed instruments that can be used internationally to obtain comparable estimates of physical activity. There are two versions of the questionnaire. The short version is suitable for use in national and regional surveillance systems and the long version provide more detailed information often required in research work or for evaluation purposes.

The validated protocol of the Foot Posture Index-6 involves the rating of three criteria in the rearfoot: Talar head palpation,Supra- and infra-lateral malleolar curvature and Calcaneal frontal plane position. In addition, there are three criteria on the forefoot: Prominence in the region of the talonavicular joint (TNJ), Congruence of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA), Abduction/adduction of the forefoot on the rearfoot. Each item is graded by a five-point Likert-type, from -2 to +2: 0 for neutral, with a minimum score of -2 for clear signs of supination, and +2 for positive signs of pronation. The final FPI-6 score will be a whole number between -12 and +12. A total FPI-6 score between 0 and +5 indicates a neutral foot, a score of above +6 indicates a pronated or highly pronated foot, and a score between -1 and -12 indicates a supinated or highly supinated foot.

Forefoot deformities were considered when the foot presented any of the following: hallux valgus, Tailor's bunion; toe contractures (hammer-toe, claw-toe or mallet-toe deformities); subluxation or dislocation of the metatarsophalangeal joints (overlapped toe and prominent metatarsal heads).

Were assessed by the same experienced podiatrist using a manual 8 MHz Doppler (Doppler II, Huntleigh Healthcare Ltd, South Glamorgan, UK), and the toe systolic pressure was taken with a digital plethysmography (Systoe, Atys Medical, Quermed, Madrid). The dorsalis pedis artery was used for recording ankle values. The ABI were calculated with the equations of the ankle pressure readings divided by the highest brachial reading between the right and left arms. We considered Peripheral Arterial Disease to have an ABI value less than 0.9; normal ABI values were between 0.9 and 1.39, and an ABI value ≥1.4 was considered poorly compressible vessels related to medial arterial calcification in distal arteries.

Sensorimotor neuropathy was diagnosed by evaluation using a Semmes-Weinstein 5.07/10 g monofilament and a biothesiometer (both from Novalab Iberica, Madrid, Spain). Patients who did not feel 1 of the 2 tests were diagnosed with neuropathy.

Measurements about time of use of footwear either at home or outdoor. Normal value ranges are: never, 1 day per week, 1 to 3 day per week, 4 to 5 days per week and 6 to 7 days per week. And measurements about how many hours per day the patient wear the footwear, the normal value ranges are: less than 1 hour, 1 to 3 hours per day, 4 to 7 hours per day, 8 to 11 hours per day and more than 12 hours per day.

Were assessed by the same experienced podiatrist using a manual 8 MHz Doppler (Doppler II, Huntleigh Healthcare Ltd, South Glamorgan, UK), and the toe systolic pressure was taken with a digital plethysmography (Systoe, Atys Medical, Quermed, Madrid). The ABI and the TBI were calculated with the equations of the ankle or toe pressure readings divided by the highest brachial reading between the right and left arms. We considered PAD to have a TBI value less than 0.7; normal TBI values were between 0.7 and 0.99, and TBI ≥ 1 was considered distal arteries calcification.