Gestational Obesity and Interventions With Probiotics or Fish Oil Trial (GOPROFIT)

Obesity is one of the most concerning health issues in the modern world, especially due to its association with greater risk of developing a wide range of chronic diseases. Pre-gestational obesity may increase the chances of maternal and fetal morbimortality, such as gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, macrosomia and, even, fetal death. It may also lead to long term disorders, enhancing the risk of excessive adiposity and metabolic syndrome in later life and, thus, contributing to the maintenance of the obesity cycle and its health effects through the subsequent generations. Alterations in placental function are thought to be deeply involved in this scenario, however further research on its molecular and biological mechanisms is needed. During pregnancy, there is a physiological enhancement of the inflammatory state, marked by higher circulating cytokines and macrophage placental infiltration, which favors fetal nutrient supply and adequate growth; however, this response is exacerbated in women with pre-pregnancy obesity, leading to adverse outcomes. In this context, interventions aiming to reduce excessive inflammation may prevent or minimize the negative impact of pre-pregnancy obesity on both maternal and offspring's health. There is strong evidence suggesting an important role of n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA and DHA) on the attenuation and resolution of inflammatory states, besides influencing maternal lipid profile, fetal and infant adipogenesis and neurodevelopment. Additionally, the consumption of probiotic supplements during gestation seams to promote adequate maternal weight gain and improve the profile of inflammatory molecules secreted in the milk. Therefore, the nutritional interventions with fish oil, as a source of EPA and DHA, or probiotics, in women with pre-pregnancy obesity, may change the intrauterine environment and reduce the risk of both short and long term metabolic disorders. This study aims to investigate the metabolic and molecular changes promoted by gestational obesity and evaluate the effectiveness of different dietary interventions (fish oil or probiotic) on preventing or minimizing such alterations. We expect to contribute to the understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying maternal obesity and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes, associated with increased risk of chronic diseases in adulthood.

Capsules gastro resistant containing 2.5 billions colony forming unit (UFC) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG + 2.5 billions colony forming unit (UFC) Bifidobacterium bifidum a day, from 28ª week to 36ª week gestation

2.5 billions colony forming unit (UFC) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG + 2.5 billions colony forming unit (UFC) Bifidobacterium bifidum a day, from 28ª week to 36ª week gestation

Association between maternal obesity and systemic Inflammation in the Mother and the Activation of Placental Inflammatory Pathways

Association between fish oil intake in obese mothers and systemic Inflammation in the Mother and the Activation of Placental Inflammatory Pathways

Investigation of the effects of fish oil supplementation on the metabolome of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum and placenta in obese pregnant women.

The metabolome of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum and placenta of obese and healthy pregnant women was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance.

Association between probiotic supplementation and bacterial colonization in the maternal intestinal and vaginal microbiota

Inclusion Criteria: aged between 19 and 40 years gestational age of 13 weeks; BMI prepregnancy greater than 29.9 and less than 40 kg / m² [ degrees obesity 1 and 2, according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) ] or prepregnancy BMI between 18.5 and 24 9 kg / m² [ eutrophic ( WHO, 2002 ) ] be free of chronic diseases (hypertension , cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes , thyroid diseases , cirrhosis , chronic hepatitis and chronic renal failure be free of infectious and parasitic diseases present gestation single fetus not being a smoker do not consume alcoholic beverages do not consume supplement containing AG Exclusion Criteria: receive confirmation of diagnosis of chronic noncommunicable diseases (except obesity) and / or infectious pregnant women who did not complete all the steps provided for in the study

Reynolds RM, Allan KM, Raja EA, Bhattacharya S, McNeill G, Hannaford PC, Sarwar N, Lee AJ, Bhattacharya S, Norman JE. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years. BMJ. 2013 Aug 13;347:f4539. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4539.

Lawlor DA, Relton C, Sattar N, Nelson SM. Maternal adiposity--a determinant of perinatal and offspring outcomes? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Nov;8(11):679-88. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.176. Epub 2012 Sep 25.

Medanic D, Pucarin-Cvetkovic J. [Obesity--a public health problem and challenge]. Acta Med Croatica. 2012 Dec;66(5):347-55. Croatian.

Sirimi N, Goulis DG. Obesity in pregnancy. Hormones (Athens). 2010 Oct-Dec;9(4):299-306. doi: 10.14310/horm.2002.1280.

Ingelfinger JR, Nuyt AM. Impact of fetal programming, birth weight, and infant feeding on later hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012 Jun;14(6):365-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00660.x. Epub 2012 May 21.

Al-Gubory KH, Fowler PA, Garrel C. The roles of cellular reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and antioxidants in pregnancy outcomes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Oct;42(10):1634-50. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.06.001. Epub 2010 Jun 19.

Jordan RG. Prenatal omega-3 fatty acids: review and recommendations. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010 Nov-Dec;55(6):520-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2010.02.018.

Teixeira TF, Collado MC, Ferreira CL, Bressan J, Peluzio Mdo C. Potential mechanisms for the emerging link between obesity and increased intestinal permeability. Nutr Res. 2012 Sep;32(9):637-47. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.07.003. Epub 2012 Sep 7.

Larque E, Gil-Sanchez A, Prieto-Sanchez MT, Koletzko B. Omega 3 fatty acids, gestation and pregnancy outcomes. Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107 Suppl 2:S77-84. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001481.

Dugoua JJ, Machado M, Zhu X, Chen X, Koren G, Einarson TR. Probiotic safety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces spp. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009 Jun;31(6):542-552. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34218-9.

Rautava S, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Probiotics modulate host-microbe interaction in the placenta and fetal gut: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neonatology. 2012;102(3):178-84. doi: 10.1159/000339182. Epub 2012 Jul 6.

El-Bacha T, Midlej V, Pereira da Silva AP, Silva da Costa L, Benchimol M, Galina A, Da Poian AT. Mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction in human hepatic cells infected with dengue 2 virus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Oct;1772(10):1158-66. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.08.003. Epub 2007 Sep 15.

Chen B, Longtine MS, Sadovsky Y, Nelson DM. Hypoxia downregulates p53 but induces apoptosis and enhances expression of BAD in cultures of human syncytiotrophoblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010 Nov;299(5):C968-76. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00154.2010. Epub 2010 Sep 1.

Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, Minium J, Hotmire K, Catalano PM, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placenta. Placenta. 2008 Mar;29(3):274-81. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.12.010. Epub 2008 Feb 11.

Gaccioli F, Lager S, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental transport in response to altered maternal nutrition. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2013 Apr;4(2):101-15. doi: 10.1017/S2040174412000529.

Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM, Perry JR, Elliott KS, Lango H, Rayner NW, Shields B, Harries LW, Barrett JC, Ellard S, Groves CJ, Knight B, Patch AM, Ness AR, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA, Ring SM, Ben-Shlomo Y, Jarvelin MR, Sovio U, Bennett AJ, Melzer D, Ferrucci L, Loos RJ, Barroso I, Wareham NJ, Karpe F, Owen KR, Cardon LR, Walker M, Hitman GA, Palmer CN, Doney AS, Morris AD, Smith GD, Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):889-94. doi: 10.1126/science.1141634. Epub 2007 Apr 12.

Innis SM. Fatty acids and early human development. Early Hum Dev. 2007 Dec;83(12):761-6. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.004. Epub 2007 Oct 24.

Burton GJ, Fowden AL. The placenta: a multifaceted, transient organ. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Mar 5;370(1663):20140066. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0066.

Haghiac M, Basu S, Presley L, Serre D, Catalano PM, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Patterns of adiponectin expression in term pregnancy: impact of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Sep;99(9):3427-34. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-4074. Epub 2014 May 5.

Aye IL, Lager S, Ramirez VI, Gaccioli F, Dudley DJ, Jansson T, Powell TL. Increasing maternal body mass index is associated with systemic inflammation in the mother and the activation of distinct placental inflammatory pathways. Biol Reprod. 2014 Jun;90(6):129. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.116186. Epub 2014 Apr 23.

Mando C, Calabrese S, Mazzocco MI, Novielli C, Anelli GM, Antonazzo P, Cetin I. Sex specific adaptations in placental biometry of overweight and obese women. Placenta. 2016 Feb;38:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.008. Epub 2015 Dec 17.

Mezouar D, Merzouk H, Merzouk AS, Merzouk SA, Belarbi B, Narce M. In vitro effects of vitamins C and E, n-3 and n-6 PUFA and n-9 MUFA on placental cell function and redox status in type 1 diabetic pregnant women. Placenta. 2016 Jun;42:114-21. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.04.013. Epub 2016 Apr 15.

Wietrak E, Kaminski K, Leszczynska-Gorzelak B, Oleszczuk J. Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Apoptosis and Proliferation in the Placenta: Preliminary Report. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:482875. doi: 10.1155/2015/482875. Epub 2015 Aug 3.

Luoto R, Laitinen K, Nermes M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Nutr. 2010 Jun;103(12):1792-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509993898. Epub 2010 Feb 4.

Simpson MR, Dotterud CK, Storro O, Johnsen R, Oien T. Perinatal probiotic supplementation in the prevention of allergy related disease: 6 year follow up of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Dermatol. 2015 Aug 1;15:13. doi: 10.1186/s12895-015-0030-1.

Lindsay KL, Kennelly M, Culliton M, Smith T, Maguire OC, Shanahan F, Brennan L, McAuliffe FM. Probiotics in obese pregnancy do not reduce maternal fasting glucose: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial (Probiotics in Pregnancy Study). Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;99(6):1432-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.079723. Epub 2014 Mar 19.

Lindsay KL, Walsh CA, Brennan L, McAuliffe FM. Probiotics in pregnancy and maternal outcomes: a systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013 May;26(8):772-8. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.755166. Epub 2013 Jan 11.

Barrett HL, Dekker Nitert M, Conwell LS, Callaway LK. Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 27;2014(2):CD009951. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009951.pub2.

Vitali B, Cruciani F, Baldassarre ME, Capursi T, Spisni E, Valerii MC, Candela M, Turroni S, Brigidi P. Dietary supplementation with probiotics during late pregnancy: outcome on vaginal microbiota and cytokine secretion. BMC Microbiol. 2012 Oct 18;12:236. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-236.

Cho I, Blaser MJ. The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012 Mar 13;13(4):260-70. doi: 10.1038/nrg3182.

Pinto J, Barros AS, Domingues MR, Goodfellow BJ, Galhano E, Pita C, Almeida Mdo C, Carreira IM, Gil AM. Following healthy pregnancy by NMR metabolomics of plasma and correlation to urine. J Proteome Res. 2015 Feb 6;14(2):1263-74. doi: 10.1021/pr5011982. Epub 2015 Jan 6.

Lindsay KL, Hellmuth C, Uhl O, Buss C, Wadhwa PD, Koletzko B, Entringer S. Longitudinal Metabolomic Profiling of Amino Acids and Lipids across Healthy Pregnancy. PLoS One. 2015 Dec 30;10(12):e0145794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145794. eCollection 2015.

Chen R, Zhou L, Dong J, Miao LY. A rapid and underivatized method for the determination of glutamine in human serum with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015 May;66(3):243-7. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2014.986074. Epub 2015 Jan 13.

Araujo JR, Correia-Branco A, Ramalho C, Goncalves P, Pinho MJ, Keating E, Martel F. L-methionine placental uptake: characterization and modulation in gestational diabetes mellitus. Reprod Sci. 2013 Dec;20(12):1492-507. doi: 10.1177/1933719113488442. Epub 2013 May 7.

Kurpad AV, Anand P, Dwarkanath P, Hsu JW, Thomas T, Devi S, Thomas A, Mhaskar R, Jahoor F. Whole body methionine kinetics, transmethylation, transulfuration and remethylation during pregnancy. Clin Nutr. 2014 Feb;33(1):122-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.12.016. Epub 2013 Jan 11.

Pusukuru R, Shenoi AS, Kyada PK, Ghodke B, Mehta V, Bhuta K, Bhatia A. Evaluation of Lipid Profile in Second and Third Trimester of Pregnancy. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Mar;10(3):QC12-6. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/17598.7436. Epub 2016 Mar 1.

Tibbetts AS, Appling DR. Compartmentalization of Mammalian folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 2010 Aug 21;30:57-81. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104810.

Yan J, Jiang X, West AA, Perry CA, Malysheva OV, Brenna JT, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Gregory JF 3rd, Caudill MA. Pregnancy alters choline dynamics: results of a randomized trial using stable isotope methodology in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Dec;98(6):1459-67. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.066092. Epub 2013 Oct 16.