Preanesthetic Analgesia/Nociception Index (ANI) and Propofol Injection Pain
Pain, Acute, Analgesia, Nociceptive Pain
About this trial
This is an interventional screening trial for Pain, Acute
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Male patients who scheduled for general anesthesia
- Cognitive patients who could understand this study
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients receiving β-receptor blockers, ketamine, clonidine, or any vasoactive substance (i.e. metaraminol, ephedrine) and patients receiving neostigmine, atropine or glycopyrrolate.
Sites / Locations
- WonwangUH
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Placebo Comparator
Experimental
Control group
Remifentanil group
To maintain blinding, in the control group, the remifentanil infusion was replaced with 50 ml of normal saline in 50 ml syringe. The remifentanil (or saline) infusion was run until the pump indicated the target Ce had been achieved. Pharmacokinetic model for remifentanil was the Minto model (Height, Weight, and Age) Anesthesia in all patients was induced using 2 mg/kg of 2% propofol. The attending anesthesiologist asked the patients how they felt pain to evaluate pain severity of PIP while half -dose of propofol was administered. After the rest of the propofol was administered, the attending anesthesiologists asked the same question.
Remifentanil 1 mg was diluted into 50 ml of normal saline. A commercial TCI pump (Orchestra Base Primea, Fresenius Vial, France) was used for the effect-site TCI of remifentanil. The study groups received remifentanil to a target Ce of 4 ng/ ml. Pharmacokinetic model for remifentanil was the Minto model (Height, Weight, and Age) Anesthesia induction and the evaluation of pain were same as control group